Comparative Protozoacidal Activities of Different Chemical Extracts from Various Parts of three Wood species against Entozoic Flagellates of Heterotermes indicola and Coptotermes heimi
Paper Details
Comparative Protozoacidal Activities of Different Chemical Extracts from Various Parts of three Wood species against Entozoic Flagellates of Heterotermes indicola and Coptotermes heimi
Abstract
Lower termites (Insecta: Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) are one of the most dangerous pests causing serious damages to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Currently insecticidal use for termite control is reported hazardous for other life forms. However the lower termite harbor protozoa in their gut which aid digestion of cellulose by releasing cellulases. The present study is based on the use of plant extracts against gut protozoa (flagellates) of Heterotermes indicola and Coptotermes heimi to kill termites indirectly. The extracts of bark, sapwood and heartwood of three different plants Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia Arabica were obtained in different solvents (water, benzene-ethanol (2:1) and chloroform) by using Soxhlet apparatus and evaluated against gut flagellates of selected termite species in no choice feeding bioessay. It was found that water extracts of all the woods was growth promoter whereas organic solvent extracts proved to be toxic for termite gut symbionts and demonstrated variable mortality in their population in different parts of the same wood and among the three different plants also. Maximum mortality was shown by heart wood of D. sissoo (P<0.05) in benzene-ethanol extractive which is 15.5% significantly greater than its bark and sapwood. On the sixth day of the experiment, it was 964.6±59.4, 461.6±207.6 and 328.3±33.2 compared with day zero i.e. 6832.1±187.2 fed on filter papers impregnated with 1, 5 and 10% extracts respectively and no significant mortality was observed in control. It is suggested that the plant parts showing toxicity can be characterized and the affective component can be isolated by GC-MS for preparing environment friendly termiticides.
Abe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M. 2000. Termites: evolution, sociality, symbioses, and ecology. Kluwer academic, Netherland. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/eje.2008.025.
Akhtar M. 1983. Wood destroys termites (Isoptera) of Pakistan: Key to the most important species, their distribution and pattern of attack. Material U–Organismen 18, 278-291.
Alam SM, Islam EU. 2002. Effect of aqueous extract of Leaf, stem and root of nettle leaf goosefoot and NaCl on germination and seedling growth of rice. Pakistan Journal of Social Science 1, 47-52.
Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M. 2003. Lignin biosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology 54, 519–546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938
Brune A. 2007. Microbiology: woodworker’s digest. Nature 450, 487-488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/450487a.
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. 1999. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants–Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
El-Tahir A, Satti GM, Khalid SA. 1999. Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Acacia nilotica. , Phytotherapy Research 13, 474–478.
Freudenberg K, Neish AC. 1968. Constitution and Biosynthesis of Lignin. Springer-Verlag, Berlin- Heidelberg, New York.
Ghafar A, Saleem B, Qureshi MJ. 2000. Allelopathic effects of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, 1301-1302.
Honigberg BM. 1970. Protozoa associated with termites and their role in digestion, p. 1-36. In K. Krishna and F. M. Weesner (ed.), Biology of termites, Vol. II. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
Hungate R, Fletcher D, Dougherty R, Barrentine B. 1955. Microbial Activity in the Bovine Rumen: Its Measurement and Relation to Bloat1. Applied Microbiology 3, 161.
Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Desai M, Stingl U, Brune A. 2007. Phylogenetic diversity of Endomicrobia” and their specific affiliation with termite gut flagellates. Microbiology 153, 3458–3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21680-0.
Inoue T, Moriya S, Ohkuma M, Kudo T. 2005. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cellulase gene from a symbiotic protist of the lower termite. 349, 67-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.048
Jain A, Katewa S, Galav P, Sharma P. 2005. Medicinal plant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102, 143-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-4.
Kang HY, Matsushima N, Sameshima K, Takamura N. 1990. Termite resistance tests of Hardwoods of Kochi growth. The Strong Termiticidal activity of Kagonoki (Litsea coreana Leveille). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36, 78–84.
Kasmani JE, Kiaei M, Samariha A. 2011. The influence of fungal treatment on structural, Biometry and chemical properties of hornbeam chips. World applied science journal 13, 80-84.
Khan MA, Waqarullah Y, Shah GS, Ishtiaq A, Liaqatullah M. 2004. Effect of different insecticide formulations and doses against maize stem borer in corn field. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 20, 609-912.
Kubmarawa D, Ajoku G, Enwerem N, Okorie, D. 2007. Preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of 50 medicinal plants from Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6, 1690-1696.
Konig H. 2006. Bacillus species in the intestine of termites and other soil invertebrates. Journal of Applied Microbiology 101, 620–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02914.x.
Mannesmann R. 1972. Relationship between Different Wood Species as a Termite Food Source and the Reproduction Rate of Termite Symbionts. Zeits chrift Für Angew and te Entomologie 72, 116–128.
Nasir E, Ali S, Nasir YJ. 1970. Flora of West Pakistan (University of Karachi).
Ozel MZ, Gogus F, Lewis AC. 2008. Composition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Volatiles Using Direct Thermal Desorption Coupled with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatographic Science 46, 157–161.
Qureshi NA, Qureshi MZ, Ali N, Athar M, Ullah A. 2012. Protozoidal activities of Eucalyptus cammeldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia arabica woods and their different parts on the entozoic flagellates of Heterotermes indicola and Coptotermes heimi. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 12094–12102.
Rajvaidhya S, Nagori B, Singh G, Dubey B, Desai P, Jain S. 2012. A review on Acacia Arabica an Indian medicinal plant. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3, 1995– 2005.
Sjostrom E, Alen R. 1999. Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, pulping and paper making Springer, Berlin.
Smythe RV, Mauldin JK. 1972. Soldier differentiation, survival and wood consumption by normally and abnormally faunated workers of the Formosan termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Annals of Entomological Society of America 65, 1001-1004.
Tsunoda K. 2003. Economic importance of Formosan termite and control practices in Japan (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 41, 27-36.
Yamin MA. 1979. Flagellates of the orders Trichomonadida Kirby, Oxymonadida Grass C, Hypermastigida Grassi and Foa reported from lower termites(Isoptera families Mastotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Hodoterniitidae, Termopsidae, Rhinotermitidae, and Serriterrnitidae) and from the wood-feeding roach Cyptocercus (Dictyoptera: Cryptocercidae). sociobiology 4, 3-117.
Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi, Muhammad Zahid Qureshi, Asma Ashraf (2016), Comparative Protozoacidal Activities of Different Chemical Extracts from Various Parts of three Wood species against Entozoic Flagellates of Heterotermes indicola and Coptotermes heimi; IJB, V8, N3, March, P53-62
https://innspub.net/comparative-protozoacidal-activities-of-different-chemical-extracts-from-various-parts-of-three-wood-species-against-entozoic-flagellates-of-heterotermes-indicola-and-coptotermes-heimi/
Copyright © 2016
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0