Determination of heavy elements content of some sudanese medicinal Cassia species using X-RAY fluorescence spectroscopy
Paper Details
Determination of heavy elements content of some sudanese medicinal Cassia species using X-RAY fluorescence spectroscopy
Abstract
Cassia species have wide distribution in tropical and subtropical regions and medicinally used worldwide. The concentration levels (ppm) of selected toxic trace elements (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr and Nb) were determined in some important Cassia species that most commonly used in the Sudanese Traditional Medicine. The plants namely, Cassia senna, Cassia tora and Cassia occidentalis were collected from different locations in the Central Sudan (EL-Hassaya in north central Sudan; Um Rawaba and EL-Obeid in west central Sudan). X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy was employed for the estimation of studied heavy trace elements. The element contents in the samples were found at different levels. The highest mean levels (ppm) of Ti (229 ppm), Cr (98ppm), Fe (489 ppm), Br (38.4ppm), Pb (6.4 ppm), Sr (189 ppm) and Zr (14 ppm) were found in Cassia tora fermented leaves (EL-Obeid sample) while those of Mn (61.2 ppm), Cu (9.1 ppm), Zn (174 ppm) and Nb (1.0 ppm) were found in Cassia occidentalis roasted seeds (Um Rawaba sample). The result also showed that Cassia senna (EL-Hassaya sample, fruit pulp) had the highest content of Rb (17 ppm). These results can be used to set new standards for prescribing the dosage of herbal drugs prepared from these plant materials in both folk remedies and pharmaceutical industry.
Bahadur A, Chaudhry Z, Jan G, Danish M, Rehman A, Ahmad R, Khan A, Khalid S, Irfan U, Shah Z, Ali F, Mushtaq T, Gul Jan F. 2011. Nutritional and elemental analyses of some selected fodder species used in traditional medicine. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5, 1157-1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.205.
Barceloux GD. 1999. Manganese, Nickel, Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology 37, 239-258 and 293-309. PMID: 10382559 Medline.
Chen J, Yao C, Ouyang PK. 2005. Determination of content and trace elements in Ranunculus ternatus Thumb. By ICP-AES. (Article in Chinese). Guang Pu. Xue Yu GuangPu Fen Xi 25(4), 560-562.PMID: 16097685 Medline.
Chuang IC, Chen KS, Huang YL, Lee PN, Lin TH. 2000. Determination of trace elements in some natural drugs by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biological Trace Element Research. Sept. 76(3), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:76:3:235
Cobanoglu U, Demir H, Sayir F, Duran M, Mergan D. 2010. Some mineral, trace element and heavy metal concentrations in lung cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 11, 1383-1388.
Delazar A, Babaei H, Rezazadeh H. 2003. Inhibitory effect of tannic acid from nutgall on iron-dextran augmented 7, 12-dimethyl Benz(a) anthracene-initiated and croton oil promoted skin carcinogenesis. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11(2).
EL-Kamali HH. 2001. The effect of environment on the distribution, productivity and chemical constituents of major herbal medicinal and aromatic plants in central Sudan. Ph.D Thesis, Khartoum University, Sudan.
EL-Kamali HH, Khalid SA. 1996). The most common herbal remedies in central Sudan. Fitoterapia, 67(4), 303.
Flokowski T, Kue T, Piorek S. 1977. Determination of trace elements in plants by the X-Ray Fluorescence analysis for environmental pollution investigations. The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 28(8), 679-686.
Jabeen S, Shah MT, Khan S, Hayat MQ. 2010. Determination of major and trace elements in ten important folk therapeutic plants of Haripur basin, Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 4, 559-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMPR 10.015.
Joo N, Kim S, Jung Y, Kim K. 2009. Hair iron and other minerals’ level in breast cancer patients. Biological Trace Elemement Research 129, 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8281x.
Khan MA, Ahmad I, Rahman I. 2007. Effect of environmental pollution on heavy metals content of Withania somnifera. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 54, 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.200700049.
Kumari M, Gupta S, Lakshmi A, Prakash J. 2004. Iron bioavailability in green leafy vegetables cooked in different utensils. Food Chemistry 86, 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.foodchem.2003.08.017.
Leterme P, Buldgen A, Estrada F, Londono A. 2006. Mineral content of tropical fruits and unconventional foods of the Andes and the rain forest of Colombia. Food Chemistry 95, 644-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.003.
Mayer ML, Vyklicky L. 1989. The action of zinc on synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in culture of mouse hippocampus. The Journal of Physioligy 415, 351-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017725.
Mc Grath SP, Smith S. 1990. Chromium and Nickel in heavy metals in soils. In Alloway, B.J. (Ed.), Blackie, Glasgow, 125 p.
Nafiu MO, Akanji MA, Yakubu MT. 2011. Phytochemical and mineral constituents of Cochlospermum planchonii (Hook. Ef.x Planch) root. Bioresearch Bulletin 5, 342-347. http://bioresonline.org/archives/A148.pdf.
Ozak A, Sotyk K, Ostapezuk P, Fijaek L. 2002. Determination of selected trace elements in herbs and their infusions. Science of the Total Environment. 289(1-3), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/50048-969(01)01015-4.
Perry HM. 1972. Hypertension and true geochemical environments in relation to health and diseases. New York: Academic Press.
Rashed MN. 1995. Trace elements in some wild plants from the shores of the high dam lake and the adjacent desert as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Arid Environments: 29 (2), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/50140-1963(05)80089-8.
Schumacher M, Bosque MA, Domingo JL, Corbella J. 1991. Dietary intake of lead and cadmium from foods in Tarragona Province, Spain. Bulletin of Environtal Contamination and Toxicology. 46, 320-328.
Serfor-Armah Y, Nyarko BJB, Akaho EHK, Kyere AWK, Osae S, Oppong-Boachie K. 2002. Multielemental analysis of some traditional plant medicines used in Ghana. Journal of Trace Microprobe Techniques. 20, 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1081/TMA-120006687.
Vartika R, Poonam K, Sayyada K, Rawat AKS, Shanta M. 2001. Heavy metal accumulation in some herbal drugs. Pharmaceutical Biology 39, 384-387. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.5.384.589.
Underwood EJ. 1971. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. 3rd Ed., Academic Press, New York.
Waston D. 1993. Safety of chemicals in food, chemical contaminants, Ellis Publications, New York, p. 109.
Watts P, Howe P. 2010. Strontium and Strontium Compounds. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. (accessed December (2016). www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad77.pdf.
WHO. 1992. Expert committee on specification for pharmaceuticals preparation. WHO technical report series 823, Report Geneva WHO 32, 44-52, 75-76 p.
WHO. Geneva Switzerland. 1998. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/1998/9241545100.pdf
Yruela I. 2005. Copper in plants. Brazillian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/516770420205000100012
Mustafa Siddig Mohamed EL-Kheir, Eiman Mohammed Ali Mustafa, Sawsan Hussein Karsani, Hatil Hashim EL-Kamali, 2018. Determination of heavy elements content of some sudanese medicinal Cassia species using X-RAY fluorescence spectroscopy. Int. J. Biosci., 12(2), 247-252.
Copyright © 2018 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.