Review Article Pharmacological and phytochemical overview of Daucus carota L. (Black carrot)
Paper Details
Review Article Pharmacological and phytochemical overview of Daucus carota L. (Black carrot)
Abstract
Daucus carota, or black carrot, belongs to the family Apiaceae. Globally, Daucus carota is widely using to treat different ailments. The objective of this study is to document previously established pharmacological activities and isolated phytochemicals of the black carrot. The data was searched in the English language without any year limit. Various electronic databases were used for the literature survey, including Web of Sciences, Pub Med, and Scopus. The phytochemical investigation of Daucus carota L. revealed that the plant contains lecithin, pectin, essential oils, volatile oils, provitamin, gluten, starch, extractine, malic acid, carotin, albumen, water, sugar, and trace elements like calcium, manganese, phosphorus, iron, potassium, molybdenum, etc. Anthocyanins and carotenoids are the essential antioxidant constituents present in carrots. Anthocyanin-rich carrots are purple. In addition, carrots have three unique flavonoids, namely quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol. Traditionally, Daucus carota is being utilized for its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidant activities. Many scientific studies have validated its wound healing, hepatoprotective, renal protective, gastric healing, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-fungal and anti-diabetic activities. However, more scientific studies are required to justify its pharmacological use in traditional medicine. Further, toxicity and clinical studies should perform to ensure its effective and safe use.
Ahmad T, Cawood M, Iqbal Q, Ariño A, Batool A, Tariq RM, Azam M, Akhtar S. 2019. Phytochemicals in Daucus carota and their health benefits. Foods 8(9), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8090424
Ahmed AA, Bishr MM, El-Shanawany MA, Attia EZ, Ross SA, Pare PW. 2005. Rare trisubstituted sesquiterpenes daucanes from the wild Daucus carota. Phytochemistry 66, 1680-1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.05.010
Akhtar S, Rauf A, Imran M, Qamar M, Riaz M, Mubarak MS. 2017. Black carrot (Daucus carota L.), dietary and health promoting perspectives of its polyphenols: A review. Trends in Food Science and Technology 66, 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.004
Alfermann AW, Merz D, Reinhard E. 1975. Induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in tissue cultures of Daucus carota. Planta Medica Suppl issue, 70-77.
Almeida-Muradian LB, Popp V, Farias MP. 1997. Provitamin A activity of Brazilian carrots: leaves and roots, raw and cooked and their chemical composition. Food Science and Technology (Campinas) 17(2), 120-124.
Andhiwal CK, Kishore K, Ballantine JA. 1980. Hydrocarbons, alcohol and phytosterols from the leaves of Daucus carota, Nantes. Journal of Indian Chemical Society 57, 1044-1045.
Aydın AF, Küskü-Kiraz, Z, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Güllüoğlu M, Uysal M, Koçak-Toker N. 2010. Effect of carnosine against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rat. Peptides 31(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.028
Bhatnagar U. 1995. Postcoital contraceptive effects of an alcoholic extract of the Daucus carota Linn seed in rats. Clinical Drug Investigation 9(1), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.2165/00044011-199509010-00006
Bishayee A, Sarkar A, Chatterjee M. 1995. Hepatoprotective activity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) against carbon tetrachloride intoxication in mouse liver. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 47(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01254-B
Bown D. 1995. The Royal Horticultural Society encyclopedia of herbs & their uses. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chem J. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid contents in propolis by two complimentary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food Drug Analysis 10, 178-182.
Chau CF, Chen CH, Lee MH. 2004. Comparison of the characteristics, functional properties, and in vitro hypoglycemic effects of various carrot insoluble fiber-rich fractions. LWT-Food Science and Technology 37(2), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2003.08.001
Chevallier A. 1996. The Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley publishers, London,UK.
Ching LS, Mohamed S. 2001. Alpha-tocopherol content in 62 edible tropical plants. Journal of Agricultural and food Chemistry 49(6), 3101-3105. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000891u
Chu JH, Lee TC. 1953. The constituents of Chinese drug, hu-lo-po-tze the seeds of Daucus carota L. Yao hsueh Hsuehh Pao 1, 75-77.
Coyne T, Ibiebele TI, Baade PD, Dobson A, McClintock C, Dunn S, Shaw J. 2005. Diabetes mellitus and serum carotenoids: findings of a population-based study in Queensland, Australia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82(3), 685- 693. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.3.685
Cronin DA, Stanton P. 1976. 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine an important contributor to carrot aroma. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 27, 145. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740270210
De-Blasi V, Debrot S, Menoud PA, Gendre L, Schowing J. 1990. Amoebicidal effect of essential oils In vitro. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Experiments10, 361-373.
Dias JS. 2012. Major classes of phytonutriceuticals in vegetables and health benefits: A review. Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics 1(1), 31-62.
Dias JS. 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of vegetables: a review. Food and Nutrition Sciences 3(10), 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.310179
Duke JA, Ayensu ES. 1985. Medicinal Plants of China, Reference Publications, Inc.
Dushenkov V. 2016. Biodiversity of medicinal plants in the highlands: problems and perspectives. MEDI 9331 Scholarly Activities Clinical Years, 45.
EI-Moghazi AM, Ross SA, Halim AF, Abou-Rayya. 1980. Flavonoids of Daucus carota. Planta Medica 40, 382-383. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1074990
Encalada AM, Pérez CD, Flores SK, Rossetti L, Fissore EN, Rojas AM. 2019. Antioxidant pectin enriched fractions obtained from discarded carrots (Daucus carota L.) by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction. Food Chemistry 15, 453-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.004
Facciola S. 1990. Cornucopia. A source book of edible plants. Kampong Publ, Vista. Felix, R., Kumar, N. N., & Raj, T. 2009. Pharmacognostical Study of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009(1), 10.
Foster S, Duke JA. 1990. A field guide to medicinal plants: eastern and central North America (Vol. 395353092). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company xii. pp 366.
Gambhir SS, Sanyal AK, Sen SP, Das PK. 1966. Studies on Daucus carota. Part I. Pharmacological studies with the water-soluble fraction of the alcoholic extract of the seeds: a preliminary report. Indian Journal of Medical Research 54, 178.
Gilani AH, Shaheen E, Saeed SA, Bibi S, Irfanulla,Sadiq M, Faizi S. 2000. Hypotensive action of coumarin glycosides from Daucus carota. Phytomedicine 423-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80064-1
Gomaa MM, Gomaa MA, Abd El-All WM. 2021. Quality Characteristics of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Puree Supplemented with Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Asian Food Science Journal 24, 64-80. https://doi.org/10.9734/afsj/2021/v20i430288
Graf BA, Milbury PE, Blumberg JB. 2005. Flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and human health: epidemiological evidence. Journal of Medicinal Food 8(3), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.281
Gramenzi A, Gentile A, Fasoli M, Negri E, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C. 1990. Association between certain foods and risk of acute myocardial infarction in women. BMJ 300(6727), 771-773. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6727.771
Gupta KR, Niranjan GS. 1982. A new flavone glycoside from seeds of Daucus carota. Planta medica 46(12), 240-241. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971223
Hertog MOL, Hollman PCH, Katani MB. 1992.Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 40, 2379-2383. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00024a011
Hooper SN, Chandler RF. 1984. Herbal remedies of the maritime Indians: phytosterols and triterpenes of 67 plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10, 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90002-3
Horbowicz M, Kosson R, Grzesiuk A, Dębski H. 2008. Anthocyanins of fruits and vegetables-their occurrence, analysis and role in human nutrition. Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 68, 5-22.
Ilham G, Reza H, Jabbar K, Parisa S, Rashid J. 2006. Isolation and structural characterization of anthocyanin pigments in black carrots (Daucus carota L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 2905-2908.
Jasicka-Misiak I, Wieczorek PP, Kafarski P. 2005. Crotonic acid as a bioactive factor in carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.). Phytochemistry 66(12), 1485-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.005
Kammerer D, Carle R, Schieber A. 2003. Detection of peonidin and pelargonidin glycosides in black carrots (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17(21), 2407-2412. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1212
Kumarasamy Y, Nahar L, Byres M, Delazar A, Sarker SD. 2005. The assessment of biological activities associated with the major constituents of the methanol extract of ‘wild carrot’ (Daucus carota L.) seeds. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 5(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/J157v05n01_07
Lawrence BM. 1999. Progress in essential oils:carrot seed oil. Perfum. Flavour 24, 52.
Lund ED, White JM. 1990. Polyacetylenes in normal and waterstressed ‘Orlando Gold’ carrots (Daucus carota). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 51(4), 507-516 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740510407
Majumda UK, Gupta M, Patro VJ. 1998. Studies on antifertility of methanolic extract of Daucus carota Linn. seeds. Indian Journal of Natural Products 14, 33-37.
Metzger BT, Barnes DM, Reed JD. 2008. Purple carrot (Daucus carota L.) polyacetylenes decrease lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory proteins in macrophage and endothelial cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 6(10), 3554-60. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073494t
Mills JP, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. 2008. Biofortified carrot intake enhances liver antioxidant capacity and vitamin A status in Mongolian gerbils. The Journal of Nutrition 138(9), 1692-1698. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.9.1692
Misiaka IJ, Lipoka J, Nowakowska EM, Wieczoreka PP, Mlynarz P, Kafarski P. 2004. Antifungal Activity of Carrot Seed Oil and Its Major Sesquiterpene Compounds.Zeitschrif fur Naturforschung 59, 791-796. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-11-1205
Newman DJ, Cragg GM. 2007. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. Journal of Natural Products 70(3), 461-477. https://doi.org/10.1021/np068054v
Newman DJ, Cragg GM. 2016. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products 79(3), 629-661. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055
Nicolle C, Cardinault N, Aprikian O, Busserolles J, Grolier P, Rock E, Demigné C, Mazur A, Scalbert A, Amouroux P, Rémésy C. 2003. Effect of carrot intake on cholesterol metabolism and on antioxidant status in cholesterolfed rat. European Journal of Nutrition 42(5), 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-003-0419-1
Noe W, Seitz HU. 1983. Studies on the regulatory role oftrans-cinnamic acid on the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in suspension cultures of Daucus carota L. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C 38, 408-412. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-1983-5-613
Nouri M, Khaki A, Fathi Azad F, Rashidi MR. 2009. The protective effects of carrot seed extract on spermatogenesis and cauda epididymal sperm reserves in gentamicin treated rats. Yakhteh Medical Journal 11(3), 327-333.
Orlando Mazzoni V, Tomi F, Casanova J. 1999. A daucane-type sesquiterpene from Daucus carota. J Favour Frag 14, 268-272. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)10991026(199909/10)14:5%3C268::AID-FFJ823%3E3.0.CO;2-Z
Patel Mital R, Patel Laxman J, Patel Rameshvar K. 2011. Protective Effect of Daucus Carota Root Extract Against Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury In Rats Pharmacologyonline 1, 432-439.
Patil MV, Kandhare AD, Bhise SD. 2012. Pharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Daucus carota Linn root formulated cream on wound healing using excision and incision wound model. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2(2), S646-S655.
Pereira-Caro G, Ordóñez-Díaz JL, de Santiago E, Moreno-Ortega A, Cáceres-Jiménez S, Sánchez-Parra M, Roldán-Guerra FJ, Ortiz-Somovilla V, Moreno-Rojas JM. 2021. Antioxidant activity and bio-accessibility of polyphenols in black carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) and two derived products during simulated gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation. Foods 10(2), 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020457
Porchezhian E, Ansari SH, Ali M. 2000. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of volatile oil from Daucus carota Linn seeds. Indian Journal of Natural Products 16(1), 24-26.
Purup S, Larsen E, Christensen LP. 2009. Differential effects of falcarinol and related aliphatic C17-polyacetylenes on intestinal cell proliferation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57(18), 8290-8296. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901503a
Rana Z, Malcolm R, Christine L, Le Maitre. 2011. Bioactive chemicals from carrot (Daucus carota) juice extracts for the treatment of leukemia. Journal of Medicinal Food 14, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0284
Rezaei-Moghadam A, Mohajeri D, Rafiei B, Dizaji R, Azhdari A, Yeganehzad M, Mazani, M. 2012. Effect of turmeric and carrot seed extracts on serum liver biomarkers and hepatic lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status in rats. BioImpacts 2(3), 151. https://dx.doi.org/10.5681%2Fbi.2012.020
Rossi PG, Bao L, Luciani A, Panighi J, Desjobert JM, Costa J, Casanova J, Bolla JM, Berti L. 2007. (E)Methylisoeugenol and elemicin: antibacterial components of Daucus carota L. essential oil against Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55(18), 73327336. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070674u
Sarkar S, Phan CT. 1974. Some hydroxyl-cinnamic acids of the carrot root. Plant Science Letters 2, 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4211(74)90036-4
Sarkar SK, Phan CT. 1979. Naturally occurring and ethylene-induced phenolic compounds in the carrot root. Journal of Food Protocols 42, 526-534. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-42.6.526
Scalbert A, Johnson IT, Saltmarsh M. 2005. Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81(1), 215S-217S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.215S
Schramm R. 1961. Paper chromatography of organic acids in storage roots of some Umbelliferae. Acta Society of Botany of Poland 30, 285-292.
Shaaban EG, Abou-Karam M, El-ShaerNS, SeifED, Ahmed A. 1994. Flavonoids from cultivated Daucus carota. Alexandria Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 8, 5-7.
Shebaby WN, El‐Sibai M, Smith KB, Karam MC, Mroueh M, Daher CF. 2013. The antioxidant and anticancer effects of wild carrot oil extract. Phytotherapy Research 27(5), 737-744. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4776
Simmonds MS. 2003. Novel drugs from botanical sources. Drug discovery today 16(8), 721-2.
Singh K, Singh N, Chandy A, Manigauha A. 2012. In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Daucus carota seeds in experimental animals. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2, 385-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60061-6
Singh S, Sethi S. Fermentation Technology in Vegetables. 2018. In Advances in Post-harvest Technologies of Vegetable Crops 355-379.
Stanić G, Samaržija I, Blažević N. 1998. Time‐dependent diuretic response in rats treated with Juniper berry preparations. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 12(7), 494-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)10991573(199811)12:7%3C494::AID-PTR340%3E3.0.CO;2-N
Staniszewska M, Kula J, Wieczorkiewicz, M, Kusewicz D. 2005. Essential oils of wild and cultivated carrots—the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Essential Oil Research 17(5), 579-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2005.9699002
Sun T, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. 2009. Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of bio fortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colours. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 57, 4142-4147. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9001044
Surbhi S, Verma RC, Deepak R, Jain HK, Yadav KK. 2018. A review: Food, chemical composition and utilization of carrot (Daucus carota L.) pomace. International Journal of Chemical Studies 6(3), 2921-6.
Swamy KR, Nath P, Ahuja KG. 2014. Vegetables for Human Nutrition and Health. The Basics of Human Civilization-Food, Agriculture and Humanity 2, 145-198.
Tavares AC, Goncalves J, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, Lopes MC, Canhoto J,Salqueiro LR. 2008. Essential oils of Daucus carota sub-sp. halophilus: composition, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119, 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.012
Van-Breeman RB. 1996. Innovations in carotenoid analysis using LCIMS. Analytical Chemistry 68, 777-778. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac961911n
Vasudevan M, Parle M, Ramasamy K, Majeed ABA. 2010. Anti-Dementia Potential of Daucus carota Seed Extracts in Rats. Pharmacology online 1, 552-565.
Kilibarda V, Ivanic R, Savin K, Miric M. 1989. Fatty oil from the fruit of wild (Daucus carota ssp. carota) and cultivated carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus) (Hoffm). Acrang Pharmazie 44, 166-167.
Zhang D, Hamauzu Y. 2004. Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties in different tissues of carrots (Daucus carota L.). Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 2, 95-100.
Mehnaz Ghulum Nabi, Abida Latif, Kanwal Ashiq, Shafiq Ali Shah, Ahdania Batool, Sadaf Faiz (2021), Review Article Pharmacological and phytochemical overview of Daucus carota L. (Black carrot); IJB, V19, N2, August, P160-169
https://innspub.net/review-article-pharmacological-and-phytochemical-overview-of-daucus-carota-l-black-carrot/
Copyright © 2021
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0