Carnitine, metabolism and its pharmacokinetic significance
Paper Details
Carnitine, metabolism and its pharmacokinetic significance
Abstract
Carnitine is an essential nitrogenous nutrition that is facilitates transport of branched-chain fatty acid into mitochondria. This substrate has to potential role in energy production during fetus, newborn and adult years. The carnitine vital role is important in improving of some diseases such as diabetic, hemodyalis, HIV, carnitine genetic deficiency, man infertility, weight loss and exercise functional. The drug use and exercise supplemental from carnitine led not to strenuous accidents in disease and sport. The diagnosis of benefit effects of carnitine need to numerous study.
Arenas J, Rubio JC, Martín MA, Campos Y. 1998. Biological roles of L-carnitine in perinatal metabolism. Early Hum Dev 53, 43-50.
Arsenian MA. 1997. Carnitine and its derivatives in cardiovascular disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 40(3), 265-86.
Bianchetti A, Rozzini R, Trabucchi M. 2003. Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer’s disease patients unresponsive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Curr Med Res Opin 19(4), 350-3.
Brass EP. 1995. Pharmacokinetic concideration for the therapeutic use of carnitine in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Therapy 17(2): 176-85.
Bremer J. 1983. Carnitine: Metabolism and functions. Physiol Rev 63, 1420–80.
Brevetti G, Chiariello M, Ferulano G. 1988. Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular disease treated with L-carnitine: a double-blind croos-over study 77, 767-73.
Brooks J, Yesavage JA, Carta A, Bravi D. 1998. Acetyl-L-carnitine slowws decline in younger patients with Alzhemers disease: A reanalesis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trail using the trilliner approach. International Psychogeriatrics 10(2), 193-203.
Cerretelli P, Marconi C. 1993. L-carnitine supplementation in human. The effect on physical performance. International Journal of sports Medicine 11(1), 1-14.
Dal Negro R, Turco P, Pomari C. 1988. Effects of L-carnitine on physical performance in chronic respirstory insufficiency. Int J Clin pharmacol Ther Toxical 26, 269-72.
Daniel G. 2001. Supplement reviewe of carnitine. Issue Director of nutritional science.
Didonato S, Garavglib B, Rimoldi M, Carrara F. 1992. Clinical and biomechanical phenotypes of carnitine deficiencies. In: Ferrari R, Dimauro S, Sherwood G, L-carnitine and its role in medicine: from function to therapy. Newyork and London academic press, 81-96.
DiLisa F, Menabo R, Siliprandi N. 1989. L-Propionylcarnitine protection of mitochondria in ischemic rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 88, 169–173.
Eizadi M, Behbudi L, Shafiei M, Afsharmand Z. 2011. Fat metabolism and aerobic capacity does not affect by acute L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences 1(12), 695-699.
Eizadi M, Khorshidi D, Samarikhalaj H, Dooaly H. 2011. Effects of Increased FFA Availability on Aerobic Capacity during Cycling Exercise. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences 1(10), 482-488.
Engel AG, Rebouche CJ, Wilson DM, Glasgow AM, Romshe CA, Cruse RP. 1981. Primary systemic carnitine deficiency. II. Renal handling of carnitine. Neurology 31, 819–25.
Eric P, Brass EP (2002). Supplemental carnitine and exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72(1), 618-23.
Eric P. Brass Ep. 1998. The role of carnitine and carnitine supplementasion during in man and individuals with special needs. Journal of TheAmerican College of nuteition 17(3), 207-215.
Fredric M, VA and Ronald J. A. Wanders. 2002. Canitine biosynthesis in mamals. Univercity of Amsterdam. Biochemical Journal 361(3), 417-29.
Giamberardino MA. 1996 . Effects of propyonyl-L-carnitine on dylayed muscle pain and CK release after eccentric effort. International Journal of sports Medicine 17, 320-24.
Giannacopoulou C, Evangeliou A, Matalliotakis I, Relakis K, Sbirakis N, Hatzidaki E et al. 1998. Effects of gestation age and of birth weight in the concentration of carnitine in the umbilical plasma. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 25, 42-45.
Harper P, Elwin CE, Cederblad P. 1988. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral bolus doses of L-carnitine in healthly subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35(1), 555-562.
Heidrum K, Alfred L. 2004. Supplementation of L-carnitine in athletes: does it make sense. Nutrition journal 20(7 – 8), 709-715.
Heinonen OJ. 1996, Carnitine and physical exercise; A review article, Sports Med. 22(2), 109-132.
Hill EM. 1995. Perioperative management of patients with vascular disease. AACN Clon Issues 6(4), 547-561.
Horleys. 2003. L-Carnitine. A division of Naturalac Nutrition. Level 2. Ischemic-Reperfused Isolated Rat Heart. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 13(1), 216-222.
Janssen E, Johansson J, Sylven C, Kaijser L. 1988. Calf muscle adaptation in intermittent claudication. Side differences in muscle metabolic characteristics in patients with unilateral arterial disease. Clin Physiol 8, 17–29.
Kamikawa T, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi A, Hayashi H, Masumura Y, Nishihara Kl. 1984. Effects of L-carnitine on exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris. Jpn Heart J. 25(4), 587-97.
Kitamura Y, Satoh K, Satoh T, Takita M, Matsuura A. 2005. Effect of L-carnitine on erythroid colony formation in mouse bone marrow cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20(5), 981-4.
Li B, Lioyd ML, Gudjonsson H, Shug AL, Olsen WA. 1992. The effect of enternal carnitine adminestration in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition 55(4), 838-45.
Mancini M, Rengo F, Lingetti M, Sorrentino GP, Nolfe G. 1992. Controlled study on the therapeutic efficacy of propyonyl-L- carnitine in patients with congestive heart failure 42, 1101-4.
Matera M, Bellinghieri G, Costantino G, Santoro D, Calvani M, Savica V. 2003. History of L-carnitine: implications for renal disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition 13(1), 2-14.
Matsomoto YI, Amano S. 2001. Effects of L-carnitine supplemenation of renal anemia in poor responders to erythropoietin. blood purification 19(1): 24-32.
Matsumura M, Hatakeyama S, Koni I, Mabuchi H. 1998. Effect of L-carnitine and palmitoyl-L- carnitine on erythroid colony formation in fetal mouse liver cell culture. Am J Nephrol 18(5), 355-8.
Matsumura MS. Hatakeyama I, Mabuchi H. 1998. Effects of L- Carnitine and palmytol – L – Carnitine on erytroid colony formation in fetal mouse liver cell culture. American Journal of Nephrology 18, 355.
McMackin CJ, Widlansky ME, Hamburg NM, Huang AL, Weller S, Holbrook M. et al. 2007. Effect of combined treatment with alpha-Lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine on vascular function and blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 9(4), 249-55.
Pande, S. V and Parvin R. 1980. Clofibrate enhancement of mitochondrial carnitine transport system of rat liver and augmentation of liver carnitine and y-botyrobetaine hydroxylase activity by thyroxine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 617(3), 363-370.
Parnetti L, Gaiti A, Mecocci P, Cadini D, Senin U. 1992. Pharmacokinetics of IV and oral acetyl-L-carnitine in a multiple dose regimen in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42(1), 89-93.
Rantzau C, Christopher M, Alford FP. 2008. Contrasting effects of exercise, AICAR, and increased fatty acid supply on in vivo and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 104(2), 363-70.
Rebouche CJ, Lombard KA, Chenard CA. 1993. Renal adaptation to dietary carnitine in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 58, 660–65.
Rebouche CJ. 1992. Carnitine funcion and requirments during the life cycle. FASEBJ 6(15), 3379-3386.
Robert C. 1998. Carnitine may benefit Athletes. Journal of theAmerican College of Nutrition 17(6), 646-650.
Singh RB, Aslam M. 1998. L-carnitine administration in coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy. J Assoc Physicians India 46(9), 801-5.
Soop M, Bjorkman O, Cederblad G, Hagbenfeldt L, Wahren J. 1998. Influence of carnitine supplementation on muscle subestrate and carnitine metabolism during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 64(6), 2394-9.
Takiyama N, Matsumoto K. 1998. Age- and sex-related differences of serum carnitine in a Japanese population. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17, 71-74.
Tanphichitr V, Leeiahaui P. 1993. Carnitine metabolism and human carnitine defficiency. Nutrition 9(3), 246-54.
Timothy J. 2002. L-Carnitine continuing education module. Producted in association with massachusetts College of pharmacy and health acience.
Yousry N. 2000. Carnitine: Essential fuel for the cellular engine.
Eizadi Mojtaba, Khorshidi Davood, Seyedhoseini MohammadAli, Dooaly Hussein (2011), Carnitine, metabolism and its pharmacokinetic significance; IJB, V1, N6, December, P128-140
https://innspub.net/carnitine-metabolism-and-its-pharmacokinetic-significance/
Copyright © 2011
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0