Antimicrobial assessment of extracts of the stem piths of Alchornea cordifolia and Senna alata against Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Trichophyton verrucosum
Paper Details
Antimicrobial assessment of extracts of the stem piths of Alchornea cordifolia and Senna alata against Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Trichophyton verrucosum
Abstract
Fungal infections are often chronic, hence requiring long-term treatment for them to be effectively treated. The antifungal activity of the ethylacetate and hot water extracts of the stem piths of Alchonea cordifolia and Senna alata were tested against Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Trichophyton verrucosum. Extracts of both crude drugs were obtained by maceration using ethyl acetate and hot water respectively. Identification of dermatophytes, microscopic and macroscopic examination of cultures was carried out using standard procedures. Phytoconstituents of both plants were evaluated qualitatively using standard methods. The antifungal activity of extracts was tested using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both extracts was carried out using the agar dilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was also done using standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins and tannins in both crude extracts. Senna alata showed the highest antifungal activity against both dermatophyteswith the zone of inhibition ranging from 12.85±2.44mm to 20.85±2.44mm. Trichophyton verrucosum was most susceptible with the zone of inhibition of 20.85±2.44mm at a concentration of 2.50mg/ml. The hot water extract of the stem pith of Senna alata and Alchonea cordifolia did not inhibit any of the dermatophytes. Conclusively, the results of this study support the traditional use of Senna alata for the treatment and management of ringworm and athlete’s foot caused by Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Trichophyton verrucosum.
Adeleke OE, Afolabi RO, Adekunle JM, Ojo OP. 2006. Antimicrobial activities of extracts of Garcinia kola (Heclcei) seeds on agents of respiratory tract infections. Nigeria Journal of Microbiology 20, 1184-1190.
Adeshina GO, Onaolapo JA, Ehinmidu JO, Odama LE. 2010. Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of the ethyl acetate extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf found in Abuja, Nigeria Journal of Medicinal Plants Res. 4(8), 649-658.
Akpo CO, Owhe-Ureghe UB. 2016. Alchornea cordifolia: A Herb with the Potential for Phytotherapyagainst Clostridium tetani, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment 14(1), 77-84.
Akpo CO, Owhe-ureghe UB. 2013. Effect of fresh leaf and stem pith extracts of Alchornea cordifolia on oral bacteria. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 10(1), 55-59.
Alim A, Goze I, Goze HM, Tepe B. 2009. In vitro antimicrobial and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia cedronella Boiss. Journal of Medicinal Plants Res 3(5), 413-419.
Ali-Shtayeh MS, Abu Ghdeib SI. 1999. Antifungal activity of medicinal plants. Mycoses 42, 665-672
Doughari JH, Okafor B. 2007. The Antimicrobial Activity of Senna alata linn. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences 10, 17-21.
Ekpo MA, Etim PC. 2009. Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Sida Acuta on Microorganisms from skin Infections. Journal of Medicinal plants Res 3(9), 621-624.
Ekpo MA, Etim PC. 2009. Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Sida Acuta on Microorganisms from Skin Infections. Journal of medicinal plants research 3(9), 621-624.
Eqwaikhide PA, Gimba CE. 2007. Analysis of the Phytochemical Content and Antimicrobial Activity of Plectranthus glandulosis whole plant. MiddleEast Journal of Scientific Research 2(3-4), 136-138.
Hartman G, Rhode B. 1980. Introducing mycology Dermatophytes pp. 8-14.
Hassan SW, Umar RA, Ladan MJ, Nyemike P, Wasagu RSU, Lawal M, Ebbo AA. 2007. Nutritive Value, Phytochemical and Antifungal properties of Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae). International Journal of Pharmacology 3(4), 314-340
Ibrahim D, Osman H. 1995. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia alata from Malaysia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 45(3), 151-156.
Igbinosa OO, Igbinosa EO, Aiyegoro OA. 2009. Antimicrobial Activity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts from Jatropha curcas (linn). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 3(2), 058-062.
Iwu MM. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, London 183-184.
Mackie TJ, Mcartney JE. 1999. Practical medical microbiology edn 14th Harcourt brace and company limited pp. 695-696.
Ngono NA, Biyif L, Amvanzolo PH, Bonchet PH. 2006. Evaluation of anti-fungal activity of extracts of two camerounian Ruthaceae zanthoxy lep rieumi Guill and zanthoxylem xanthor loides waterm. Journal of Ethno Pharmacology 70, 335-342.
Nweze ELO, Okafor JI, Njoku O. 2004. Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Trema queensi (Schummage and thorn) and Morinda lucida bench used in Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiological research 2, 39.
Okoye CT, Akah AP. 2012. Antimicrobial Effects of a Lipophilic Fraction and Kaurenoic Acid Isolated from the Root Bark Extracts of Annona senegalensis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine p. 10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/831327
Owolaye JA, Olatunji GA, Oguntoye SO. 2005. Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of an alcoholic extract of Senna alata leaves. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 9(3), 105-107.
Santos JI, Negri CM, Wagner DC, Philippi R, Nappi BP, Coelho MP. 1997. Some aspects of Dermatophytes seen at University Hospital in Floiranopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Perista de Institute de Medicinal Tropicalde Sau Paulo 39, 137-140.
Shahi SK, Shukla AC, Bajaj AK, Medgely G, Dixit A. 1999. Broad spectrum antimycotic drugs for the control of fungal infection in human beings. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental science 76, 836-839.
Shinkafi SA, Manga SB. 2011. Isolation of Dermatophytes and screening of selected medicinal plants used in the treatment of dermatophytoses. International Research Journal of Microbiology 2(1), 040-048.
Srinivasan D, Perumalsamy LP, Nathan S, Sures T. 2001. Journal of Ethnopharmacol 94, 564-582.
Sule WF, Okonoko IO, Omo-ogun S, Nwanze JC, Ojezele MO, Ojezele OJ, Alli JA, Soyemi ET, Olaonipekun TO. 2011. Phytochemical properties and invitro antifungal activity of senna alata linn. Crude stem bark extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(2), 176-183.
Weitzman I, Summerbell RC. 1995. The Dermatophytes. China Microbiology Review 8, 240-259.
Wokoma EC, Essien IE, Agira OK. 2007. The in-vitro anti-fungal activity of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) extracts against dermatophytes and yeast. Nigeria Journal of Microbiology 21, 1478-1484.
World Health Organisation (WHO). 1996. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Annex U. Geneva: WHO.
Christiana Orevaoghene Akpo, Lawrence Uchenna Nwankwo, Lawrence Uzor Mekwunye, 2022. Antimicrobial assessment of extracts of the stem piths of Alchornea cordifolia and Senna alata against Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Trichophyton verrucosum. Int. J. Biosci., 21(5), 335-341.
Copyright © 2022 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.