Dietary fishmeal protein replacement with superworm (Zophobas morio) larvae meal: Effect on growth, feed utilization, survival, digestive enzyme activity, skin colour enhancement of juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratus

Aas TS, Ytrestoyl T, Asgard T. 2019. Utilization of feed resources in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway: An update for 2016. Aquaculture Reports 15, 1–10.

Alfiko Y, Xie D, Astuti T, Wong J, Wang L. 2022. Insects as a feed ingredient for fish culture: Status and trends. Aquaculture and Fisheries 7(2), 166–178.

Amar EC, Kiron V, Satoh S, Watanabe T. 2001. Influence of various dietary synthetic carotenoids on bio-defence mechanisms in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research 32(1), 162–163.

AOAC. 2006. Official methods of analysis. 18th ed. Revised. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.

APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.

Bano F, Kashyap A, Serajuddin M. 2020. Effects of different dietary supplementation of plant carotenoids on growth, coloration and behaviour of giant gourami, Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 19(6), 2770–2789.

Belghit I, Liland NS, Gjesdal P, Biancarosa I, Menchetti E, Li Y, Waagbø R, Krogdahl A, Lock EJ. 2019. Black soldier fly larvae meal can replace fish meal in diets of sea-water phase Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 503, 609–619.

Bell NA, Jeffrey S, MacIsaac JL, Colombo SM. 2019. Aquaculture 13(100187), 1–5.

Bera P, Dhara H, Sau SK. 2022. Insects as alternative protein sources for aquaculture: A review. Environment and Ecology 40(4A), 2156–2162.

Bernfeld P. 1955. Amylase [alpha] and [beta]. In: Kolowick SP, Kaplan NO, Ed. Methods of enzymology. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, p. 149–150.

Bier BM. 1955. Lipases. In: Colowick SP, Kaplan NO, Ed. Methods in enzymology. Academic Press, New York, p. 627–642.

Calado R, Olivotto I, Oliver MP, Holt J. (Eds.). 2017. Marine ornamental species aquaculture. Vol. 712. Wiley Blackwell.

Chemello G, Renna M, Caimi C, Guerreiro I, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Biasato I, Schiavone A, Gai F, Gasco L. 2020. Partially defatted Tenebrio molitor larva meal in diets for grow-out rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): Effects on growth performance, diet digestibility and metabolic responses. Animals 10(2), 229.

Coutinho F, Castro C, Guerriro I. 2021. Mealworm larvae meal in diets for meagre juveniles: Growth, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzymes activity. Aquaculture 535, 736362–736762.

Cyanotech. 2002. Analysis of beta-carotene and total carotenoids from Spirulina (Spectrophotometric method). Spirulina pacifica. Technical Bulletin, 003b. Cyanotech Corporation.

Das M. 2023a. Effect of four insect meals on the growth performance, survival, total carotenoid content and body composition of an ornamental fish Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). International Journal of Entomology Research 8(6), 23–29.

Das M. 2023b. Effect of insect meals on the growth efficiency, survival and total carotenoid content of an ornamental fish Xiphophorus maculatus (Gunther, 1866). Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 22(3), 1–9.

Das M. 2023c. Effect of fishmeal replacement with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal on growth performance and survival of the black molly (Poecilia sphenops). Environment and Ecology 42(2B), 902–909.

Das M. 2023d. Effect of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as a fishmeal protein replacement on the growth, feed utilization, survival and whole-body composition of black molly (Poecilia sphenops). International Journal of Biosciences 22(5), 168–181.

Das M. 2023e. Effects of dietary supplementation of carrot meal on growth, survival, whole body composition and total carotenoid content of zebrafish, Danio rerio. International Journal of Zoological Investigations 9(2), 575–585.

Devic E, Leschen W, Murray F, Little DC. 2018. Growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of advanced nursing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. Aquaculture Nutrition 24(1), 1–8.

Duru M. 2014. Effects of Spirulina platensis added to different amounts of feed on coloring and growth performance of goldfish (Carassius auratus). M.Sc. Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Mersin University, p. 68.

Ezhil J, Jeyanthi C, Narayan M. 2008. Marigold as a carotenoid source on pigmentation and growth of red swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 8, 99–102.

Fisher HJ, Collins SA, Hanson C, Mason B, Colombo SM, Anderson DM. 2020. Black soldier fly larvae meal as a protein source in low fish meal diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 521, 734978.

Fronte B, Licitra R, Bibbiani C, Casini L, De Zoysa M, Miragliotta V, Sagona S, Coppola F, Brogi L, Abramo F. 2021. Fishmeal replacement with Hermetia illucens meal in aquafeeds: Effects on zebrafish growth performances, intestinal morphometry, and enzymology. Fishes 6, 28.

Gasco L, Finke M, van-Huis A. 2018. Can diets containing insects promote animal health? Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4(1), 1–4.

Gasco L, Henry M, Piccolo G, Marono S, Gai F, Renna M, Lussiana C, Antonopoulou E, Mola P, Chatzifotis S. 2016. Tenebrio molitor meal in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles: Growth performance, whole-body composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 220, 34–45.

Gouveia L, Rema P. 2005. Effect of microalgal biomass concentration and temperature on ornamental goldfish (Carassius auratus) skin pigmentation. Aquaculture Nutrition 11, 19–23.

Gumus E, Gurler C, Gulle I. 2022. Effect of dietary supplementation of copepod meal in goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) on growth performance, fatty acid profile and colouration. Indian Journal of Fisheries 69(1), 121.

Ha BS, Kang DS, Kim JH, Choi OS, Ryu HY. 1993. Metabolism of dietary carotenoids and effects to improve the body color of cultured flounder and red seabream. Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society 38, 331–338.

Henry MA, Golomazou E, Asimaki A, Psofakis P, Fountoulaki E, Mente E, Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG, Karapanagiotidis IT. 2022. Partial dietary fishmeal replacement with full-fat or defatted superworm (Zophobas morio) larvae meals modulates the innate immune system of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Aquaculture Reports 27, 101347.

Hoffmann L, Rawski M, Nogales-Merida S, Mazurkiewicz J. 2020. Dietary inclusion of Tenebrio molitor meal in sea trout larvae rearing: Effects on fish growth performance, survival, condition, and gut and liver enzymatic activity. Annals of Animal Science 20, 579–598.

Hu Y, Huang Y, Tang T, Zhong L, Chu W, Dai Z, Hu Y. 2020. Effect of partial black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal replacement of fish meal in practical diets on the growth, digestive enzyme and related gene expression for rice field eel (Monopterus albus). Aquaculture Reports 17, 100345.

Huis AV, Gasco L. 2023. Insects as feed for livestock production. Science 379(6628), 138–139.

Jabir MAR, Jabir SAR, Vikineswary S. 2012. Nutritive potential and utilization of super worm (Zophobas morio) meal in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(24), 6592–6598.

Jagadeesh TD, Murthy HS, Surendranath SV, Panikkar P, Manjappa N, Mahesh V. 2015. Effect of supplementation of marigold (Tagetes erecta) oleoresin on growth, survival and pigmentation of rosy barb, Puntius conchonius (Hamilton). The Bioscan 10(3), 1431–1435.

Jain A, Kaur VI, Hollyappa SA. 2019. Effect of dietary supplementation of carrot meal on survival, growth and pigmentation of freshwater ornamental fish, Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.). Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 36(4), 405–413.

Jeong SM, Khosravi S, Mauliasari IR, Lee BJ, You SG, Lee SM. 2021. Nutritional evaluation of cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, meal as fish meal substitute for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, juveniles. The Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 52, 859–880.

Jha GN, Sarma D, Qureshi TA. 2012. Effect of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) and marigold (Tagetes erecta) fortified diets on growth, body composition and total carotenoid content of Barilius bendelisis. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 82(3), 336–340.

Jia Y, Liu Y, Chen K, Sun H, Chen Y. 2019. Climate, habitat and human disturbance driving the variation of life-history traits of the invasive goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in a Tibetan Plateau River. Aquatic Invasions 14, 724–737.

Jorjani M, Sharifrohani M, Mirhashemi Rostami A, Tan S. 2019. Effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as a natural carotenoid on growth performance, body composition, pigmentation and carotenoid in blood plasma of blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus at different stocking densities. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(4), 619–634.

Kamalii A, Antony C, Ahilan B, Uma A, Prabu E. 2022. Dietary protein replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal: Effects on growth, whole-body composition, digestive enzyme activity, muscle-growth-related gene expression and haemato-biochemical responses of juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratus. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 23(2), 1–11.

Kaur R, Shah TK. 2017. Role of feed additives in pigmentation of ornamental fishes. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 5, 684–686.

Kiriratnikom S, Zaau R, Suwanpugdee A. 2005. Effects of various levels of spirulina on growth performance and pigmentation in goldfish Carassius auratus. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 27, 133–139.

Kowalska J, Rawski M, Homska N, Mikołajczak Z, Kierończyk B, Świątkiewicz S, Wachowiak R, Hetmańczyk K, Mazurkiewicz J. 2022. The first insight into full-fat super worm (Zophobas morio) meal in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) diets: a study on multiple-choice feeding preferences and growth performance. Annals of Animal Science 22, 371–384.

Li S, Ji H, Zhang B, Zhou J, Yu H. 2017. Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian): Growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activities, intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure. Aquaculture 477, 62–70.

Maiti M, Bora D, Nandeesha TL, Sahoo S, Adarsh BK, Kumar S. 2017. Effect of dietary natural carotenoid sources on colour enhancement of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L. International journal of fisheries and aquatic studies 5(4), 340–345.

Melenchón F, Larrán AM, Sanz M-A, Rico D, Fabrikov D, Barroso FG, Galafat A, Alarcón FJ, Morales AE, Hidalgo MC, Lourenço HM, Pessoa M-F, Tomás-Almenar C. 2023. Different diets based on yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)—Part A: Facing the decrease in omega−3 fatty acids in fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fishes 8(6), 286–295.

Mikołajczak Z, Rawski M, Mazurkiewicz J, Kierończyk B, Józefiak D. 2020. The effect of hydrolyzed insect meals in sea trout fingerling (Salmo trutta m. trutta) diets on growth performance, microbiota and biochemical blood parameters. Animals 10(6), 1031.

Ndione A, Fall J, Mbaye S, Ndour PM, Fall SKL, Jatta S, Loum A, Sagne M, Diouf A, Ndong D, Diouf M, Ba CT, Chien A. 2022. Effects of replacement of fishmeal by cricket meal on the growth performance, feed efficiency, survival and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan 49(3), 183–191.

Ojewola GS, Okoye FC, Ukoha OA. 2005. Comparative utilization of three animal protein sources by broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 4, 462–467.

Olaleye IG, Asuquo PE. 2021. Proximate composition and mineral content of grasshopper meal as an alternative to fishmeal for fish feed production. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 40(19), 72–75.

Orsi L, Voege LL, Stranieri S. 2019. Eating edible insects as sustainable food? Exploring the determinants of consumer acceptance in Germany. Food Research International 125, 108573.

Pailan GH, Archana S, Mrinal K. 2012. Rose petals meal as natural carotenoid source in pigmentation and growth of rosy barb (Puntius conchonius). Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 29, 291–296.

Pattanaik SS, Sawant PB, Xavier MKA, Srivastava PP, Dube K, Sawant BT, Chadha NK. 2021. Dietary carotenoprotein extracted from shrimp shell waste augments growth, feed utilization, physio-metabolic responses and coloration in Oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831). Aquaculture 534, 736303e.

Perera GSC, Bhujel RC. 2022. Replacement of fishmeal by house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meals: effect for growth, pigmentation and breeding performances of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Aquaculture Reports 25, 101260.

Piccolo G, Iaconisi V, Marono S, Gasco L, Loponte R, Nizza S, Bovera F, Parisi G. 2017. Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on growth performance, in vivo nutrients digestibility, somatic and marketable indexes of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Animal Feed Science and Technology 226, 12–20.

Prachom N, Boonyoung S, Hassaan MS, El-Haroun E, Davies SJ. 2021. Preliminary evaluation of Superworm (Zophobas morio) larval meal as a partial protein source in experimental diets for juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1–11.

Rhyne AL, Tlusty MF, Szczebak JT, Holmberg RJ. 2017. Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals. PeerJ 5, e2949.

Roncarati A, Sirri F, Felici A, Stocchi L, Melotti P, Meluzzi A. 2016. Effects of dietary supplementation with krill meal on pigmentation and quality of flesh of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Italian Journal of Animal Science 10(2), e27.

Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG. 2021. The superworm, Zophobas morio (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): a ‘Sleeping Giant’ in nutrient sources. Journal of Insect Science 21(2), 3–17.

Seidgar M, Mohebbi F, Nekuiefard A, Hafezieh M, Dadgar S, Anbi AA, Shiri A. 2019. The effect of Artemia urmiana, earthworm, cow heart and concentrate as supplementary diets on skin color and pigmentation of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus). International Journal of Aquatic Science 10(2), 88–93.

Sharma M. 2020. Ornamental fish rearing and breeding—a new dimension to aquaculture entrepreneurship in Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 8, 157–162.

Shekarabi SPH, Mostafavi ZS, Mehrgan MS, Islami HR. 2021. Dietary supplementation with dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract provides immunostimulation and resistance against Streptococcus iniae infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 118, 180–187.

Spranghers T, Ottoboni M, Klootwijk C, Ovyn A, Deboosere S, De-Meulenaer B, Michiels J, Eeckhout M, De-Clercq P, De-Smet S. 2017. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, 2594–2600.

Tacon AGJ, Metian M. 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285(1–4), 146–158.

Thakur A, Sharma V, Thakur A. 2019. An overview of anti-nutritional factors in food. International Journal of Chemical Studies 7(1), 2472–2479.

Tiewsoh W, Singh E, Nath R, Surnar SR, Priyadarshini A. 2019. Effect of carotenoid in growth and colour enhancement in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). Journal of Experimental Zoology, India 22(2), 765–771.

Tilami SK, Turek J, Červený D, Lepič P, Kozák P, Burkina V, Sakalli S, Tomčala Sampels S, Mráz J. 2020. Insect meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in a formulated diet for perch (Perca fluviatilis). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20(12), 867–878.

Tsado AN, Okoli RN, Jiya GA, Gana D, Zubairu R, Alhassan EH, Salihu ZI. 2021. Effect of supplementing fish diet with grasshopper meal on growth parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). AROC in Agriculture 1(1), 01–05.

Walter HE. 1984. Methods of enzymatic analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany.

Wang P, Chen S, Wei C, Yan Q, Sun Y-Z, Yi G, Li D, Fu W. 2021. Monascus purpureus M-32 improves growth performance, immune response, intestinal morphology, microbiota and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 530(2), 735947.

Xu J, Tao N, Liu Q, Deng X. 2006. Presence of diverse ratios of lycopene/ß-carotene in five pink or red-fleshed citrus cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae 108(2), 81–184.

Yanar M, Erçen Z, Hunt AO, Büyükçapar HM. 2008. The use of alfalfa as a natural carotenoid source in diets of goldfish, Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 284, 196–200.

Ytrestøyl T, Aas TS, Åsgård T. 2015. Utilisation of feed resources in production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Aquaculture 448(1), 365–374.