Effects of nitrogen sources and application time on yield attributes, yield and grain protein of rain-fed NERICA-3 rice in Gambella, Ethiopia
Paper Details
Effects of nitrogen sources and application time on yield attributes, yield and grain protein of rain-fed NERICA-3 rice in Gambella, Ethiopia
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions at Imla, Gambella Agricultural Research Institute in 2008 and 2009 main cropping seasons in order to compare the effects of N sources [ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and urea (CO(NH2)2)] and their time of application (½ at sowing + ½ at tillering; ⅓ at sowing + ⅓ at tillering + ⅓ at panicle initiation; ½ at sowing + ½ at panicle initiation, and ½ at tillering + ½ at panicle initiation) on growth, yield attributes and yield of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) variety NERICA-3 (O. sativa x O. glaberrima), in a factorial experiment laid out in a RCBD replicated thrice. Nitrogen from each source was applied at the rate of 92 kg N ha-1, and the plots received uniform dose of 46 kg P and 20 kg K ha-1 at sowing. The results revealed that effects of year on rice days to flowering, panicle length, number of grains and grain weight panicle-1, grain yield, grain protein content (P ≤ 0.01), plant height, and straw yield (P ≤ 0.05) were only significant. The responses of rice growth and yield components and grain protein to sources of N were not significant (P > 0.05). Plant height, panicle length and grain weight panicle-1 to application time were significant (P ≤ 0.05) while the other growth and yield components and grain protein were not (P > 0.05). Only grain and straw yield significantly (P ≤ 0.01) influenced by interaction of N sources and application time whereas the other yield and growth components and grain protein not (P > 0.05). Effects of sources of N, interactions of year by sources of N, year by application time and year by sources of N by application time were insignificant(P > 0.05) on the rice growth, yield components and grain protein. Significantly increased rice grain yield (6.33 t ha-1) obtained with NH4NO3 applied ½ at sowing + ½ at tillering. The, results were subjected to economic analysis using the partial budget procedure to determine sources of N and application time that would give acceptable returns to farmers. Economic analysis showed that CO(NH2)2 applied ½ at sowing + ½ at panicle initiation and ½ at tillering + ½ at panicle initiation are superior and stable within a price variability range of 15%. Hence, it may be recommended for production of NERICA-3 rice under the climatic conditions prevailing in the study area.
Abd El-Maksoud M. F. 2008. Effect of Levels and Splitting of N-fertilization on Growth, Yield Components, Yield and Grain Quality of Some Rice Cultivars. Res. J. Agric. and Biol. Sci. 4(5), 392-398.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemist). 1994. Official method of analysis. 12th Ed. Washington, DC.
Assefa M, Getnet F, Menzir, A, Kurabachew H. 2009. Response of upland rice for nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on Vertisols of Pawe area. In: Proceeding of the 10th Conference of the Ethiopian Soc. Soil Sci. held during 25-27 March 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Astewel T. 2010. Analysis of Rice profitability and marketing chain: The case of Fogera woreda, South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia.
Biloni M, Bocchi S. 2003. Nitrogen application in dry seeded delayed flooded rice in Italy. Effect on yield and crop parameters. Nutr. Cycling in Agroec. 67(2), 117-128.
Chaturvedi I. 2005. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa). J. Centl. Eur. Agric. 6(4), 611-618.
CIMMYT. 1988. From agronomic data to farmer recommendations: Answers to Workbook Exercises. Mexico, DF.
FARA (The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa). 2009. Patterns of change in rice production in Africa: Implication for rice policy development /Ministerial_Policy_brief_series _No_2.
Freney JR, Peoples MB, Mosier AR. 2009. Efficient use of fertilizer FFTC Publication, Taipei 10616 Taiwan R.O.C.
Haque KMS, Khaliq QA, Aktar J. 2006. Effect of nitrogen on phenology, light interception and growth in Aromatic Rice. Intl. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 1(2), 1-6.
Iqbal MM, Akhter J, Mohammad W, Shah SM, Nawaz H, Mahmood K. 2005. Effect of tillage and fertilizer levels on wheat yield, nitrogen uptake and their correlation with carbon isotope discrimination under rainfed conditions in north-west Pakistan. Soil and Tillage Res. 80, 47-57.
Jan MT, Khan MJ, Khan A, Arif M, Shafi M, Farmanullah. 2010. Wheat nitrogen indices response to nitrogen source and application time. Pak. J. Bot. 42(6), 4267-4279.
Jensen T. 2006. Nitrogen fertilizer, forms and methods of application. Proceeding of the 2006 Alberta Irrigated Crop Production Update Conference, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Southern Applied Research Association, 17 January, 2006, Lethbridge. p. 21-26.
Kabuye FM, Drew C. 2000. Upland rice growing manual. Africa 2000 Network and USAID-Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program, Uganda.
Kausar K, Akbar M, Rasul E, Ahmad AN. 1993. Physiological responses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of wheat. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 14, 2–3
Kenzo W. 2004. Utilization advantages of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on paddy rice cultivation. JARQ. 38(1), 15-20.
Kichey T, Hirel B, Heumez E, Dubois F, Le-Gouis J. 2007. In winter wheat, post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilization to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crops Res. 102, 22-32.
Kiran U, Patra DD. 2002. Augmenting yield and urea-nitrogen utilization efficiency in wheat through use of natural essential oils and dicyandiamide coated urea in light–textured soils of Central Uttar Pradesh. Commun. Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 33, 1375-1388.
Krishnan P, Nayak SK. 2000. Biomass partitioning and yield components of individual tillers of rice (Oryza sativa) at different nitrogen levels. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 70(3), 143-145.
Kushwaha HS, Mishra MK, Tomar RAS. 1992. Response of rice to N, P, K and Zn on Farmer’s Field. Agric. Soc. Digest(Karanal) 21, 4-6.
Limon-Ortega A, Sayre KD, Francis CA. 2000. Wheat nitrogen use efficiency in a bed planting system in northwest Mexico. Agron. J. 92, 303-308.
Madan HS, Munjal R. 2009. Effect of split doses of nitrogen and seed rate on protein content, protein fractions and yield of wheat. ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4(1), 26-31.
Mahler RL, Koehler FE, Lutcher LK. 1994. Nitrogen source, timing of application, and placement: Effects on winter wheat production. Agron. J. 86, 637-642.
Mandal NN, Chaudhry PP, Sinha D. 1992. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potash uptake of wheat (var. Sonalika). Env. Eco. 10, 297 (Field Crop Abst. 46(1), 30.
Manzoor Z, Ali RI, Awan TH, Khalid N, Ahmad M. 2006. Appropriate time of nitrogen application to fine rice, Oryza sativa. J. Agric. Res. 44(4), 261-266.
Maragatham M, Martin GJ, Poongodi T. 2010. Effect of Nitrogen sources on aerobic rice production under various rice soil ecosystems. 19th World Congress of Soil Sci. Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1- 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia.
Marschner H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd Edition. Academic Press. San Diego, CA.
Mengel K, Kirkby EA. 1996. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Panina Publishing Corporation, 4th edn, New Delhi.
MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). 2010. National Rice Research and Development Strategy of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Mossedaq F, Smith DH. 1994. Timing nitrogen application to enhance spring wheat yields in Mediterranean climates. Agron. J. 86, 221-226.
NMA (National Meteorological Agency). 2009. Period averages and climatologically standard normals. Unpublished, Gambella Branch Office, Ethiopia.
Obreza T, Parsons L, Morgan K. 2010. Nitrogen fertilizer sources: What does the future hold for citrus producers. IFAS Extension, University of Florida.
Padmavathi P. 1997. Studies on relative performance of conventional and hybrid rice varieties under various levels of nitrogen, plant population and planting paterns. PhD thesis, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
Pan J, Zhu Y, Jiang D, Dai T, Li Y, Cao W. 2006. Modeling plant nitrogen uptake and grain nitrogen accumulation in wheat. Field Crops Res. 97, 322-336.
Raza M, Khan H, Karim F, Tahir MJ. 2003. Nitrogen use efficiency as affected by time of application in rice (IRRI-6). Sarhad J. Agric. 19(4), 453- 457.
Reddy SR. 2006. Agronomy of field crops. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, India. 65-68.
Roy P, Orikasa T, Okadome H, Nakamura N, Shiina T. 2011. Processing conditions, rice properties, health and environment. Intl. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8, 1957-1976.
Rupp D, Hubner H. 1995. Influence of Nitrogen fertilization on the mineral content of apple leaves. Erwerbsobstbau, 37, 29-31.
Salem AKM. 2006. Effect of nitrogen levels, plant spacing and time of farm yard manure application on the productivity of rice. J. Appl. sci. Res. 2(11), 980-987.
Sallam STM. 2005. Studies on yield potentiality of Giza 177 and Sakha 101 rice cultivars under the effect of biofertilization and splitting of nitrogen. PhD. Thesis Fac. Agric. Zagazig Univ., Egypt.
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Institute. 2003. SAS Version 9. 1.2 © 2002-2003. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
Sathiya K, Ramesh T. 2009. Effect of split application of nitrogen on growth and yield of aerobic Rice. Asian J. Exp. Sci. 23 (1), 303-306.
Shah H, Sharif M, Majid A, Hayat U, Munawar A. 2009. From experimental data to farmer recommendation: an economic analysis of on-farm trial of UMMB feed for milking animals in rain-fed Pothwar, Pakistan. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(117).
TNAU (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University). 2008. Nutrient management: Fertilizers, Coimbatore, India.
Tran TS, Tremblay G. 2000. Recovery of N-15-labeled fertilizer by spring bread wheat at different N rates and application times. Can. J. Soil Sci. 80, 533-539.
Tsunoda S.1964. A developmental analysis of yielding ability in varieties of field crops. Nihon Gakujitsu Shinkokai, Tokyo, Japan.
Viraktamath BC. 2006. Evaluation of system of rice Intensification (SRI) under all India coordinated rice improvement project. In: Abstracts of National Symposium on System of Rice Intensification (SRI)–Present status and future prospects, November 17-18, India.
Witt C, Buresh RJ, Peng S, Balasubramanian V, Dobermann A. 2007. Nutrient management. p 1-45. In: T. H. Fairhurst, C. Witt, R. Buresh and A. Dobermann, eds. Rice: A practical guide to nutrient management. Los Baños (Philippines) and Singapore: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), and International Potash Institute (IPI).
Wuest SB, Cassman KG. 1992. Fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated wheat: Uptake efficiency of preplant versus late-season application. Agron. J. 84, 682-688.
Shiferaw Nesgea, Heluf Gebrekidan, J. J. Sharma, Tareke Berhe (2012), Effects of nitrogen sources and application time on yield attributes, yield and grain protein of rain-fed NERICA-3 rice in Gambella, Ethiopia; IJAAR, V2, N9, September, P14-32
https://innspub.net/effects-of-nitrogen-sources-and-application-time-on-yield-attributes-yield-and-grain-protein-of-rain-fed-nerica-3-rice-in-gambella-ethiopia/
Copyright © 2012
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0