Climate change impacts on the biogeography and population status of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.: Implications for sustainable conservation

Paper Details

Review Paper 05/07/2026
Views (13)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Climate change impacts on the biogeography and population status of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.: Implications for sustainable conservation

Fatimata Anna Diallo*, Dominique Nikiéma, Abdoulazize Sandwidi, Boukary Ousmane Diallo, Pauline Bationo/Kando
Int. J. Biosci. 29(1), 14-23, July 2026.
Copyright Statement: Copyright 2026; The Author(s).
License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Abstract

Major climatic changes have continuously influenced the evolutionary dynamics of plant populations throughout Earth’s history. Although extensive literature exists on paleobotany and paleoclimatology, these data have been only marginally integrated to reconstruct the historical dynamics of plant species. This study combines paleoclimatic and paleobotanical evidence to reconstruct the biogeographic history and assess the current population status of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst., commonly known as the afplum tree. Sclerocarya birrea is an endemic African tree species valued for its edible fruits and oil-rich seeds. The study covers the period from the Tertiary to the Quaternary and aims to investigate the processes of population emergence, extinction, recolonization, and distribution in response to climatic fluctuations. The literature review focused on the Sahara and its surrounding regions, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Kenya–Tanzania region. Vegetation history was reconstructed using paleoclimatic sequences and paleobotanical record. The findings indicate that successive climatic fluctuations during the Tertiary and Quaternary largely shaped the present-day biogeography of Sclerocarya birrea populations. Furthermore, the ongoing aridification that has characterized the Holocene poses an increasing threat to the persistence of the species. Based on these findings, region-specific strategies are proposed to ensure the sustainable conservation of the genetic resources of Sclerocarya birrea across the different study areas.

Abed D. 2014. Etude bibliographique sur la phytochimie de quelques espèces du genre Rhus. Mémoire de licence, Université Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla, 42 p.

Aouraghe H, Palevol CR. 2006. Histoire du peuplement paléolithique de l’Afrique du Nord et dynamique des interactions entre l’homme et son environnement. Académie des Sciences 5, 237–242. https://france.elsevier.com/direct/PALEVO/

Arbonnier M. 2012. Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. 3e éd. CIRAD, Musée National d’Histoires Naturelles, 573 p.

Aunthony Z. 2023. Au Zimbabwe, une sécheresse tueuse d’éléphants exténués. La Croix.

Axelrod JG, Raven PH. 1978. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa. The Hague, Monographiae Biologicae, 1439 p.

Ballais JL, Riser J, Trayssac J. 1996. La limite Pliocène-Pléistocène en Afrique du Nord et au nord-ouest du Sahara. Revue d’analyse spatiale quantitative et appliquée 38(39), 39–47. https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-O1567046

Bationo-Kando P, Zongo JD, Siljak-Yakovlev S. 2016. First genome size assessment, heterochromatin and rDNA chromosome mapping in the genus Sclerocarya (Anacardiaceae): Insight into the new basic chromosome number. Botany Letters 163(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2015.1132008

Belfadel FZ. 2009. Huile de fruits de Pistacia lenticus L. (Anacardiaceae), caractéristiques physico-chimiques et effets biologiques (effet cicatrisant chez le rat). Mémoire de Magister, Université Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie, 144 p.

Biondi E. 1981. Argarioxylon sardum, new genus, new species and Sclerocaryoxylon chiraguii, new genus, new species of fossil woods of the Miocene in Sardinia, Italy. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 34, 301–320.

Boureau E, Salard MC, Koeniguer JC, Louvet P. 1983. Evolution des flores et de la végétation tertiaires en Afrique, au nord de l’équateur. Bothalia 14(3–4), 355–367.

Chenoune K. 2005. La flore et la végétation du Hoggar. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 284(2), 79–83.

Coppens Y. 2003. L’East Side Story n’existe plus. La Recherche 361, 74–78.

De Miré PB, Gillet H, Quézel P. 1957. A propos de quelques vestiges d’une flore montagnarde africaine sur les sommets de l’Aïr et du Tibesti. Journal d’agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée 4(3), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.3406/jatba.1957.2384

De Miré PB, Gillet H. 1956. Contribution à l’étude de la flore du massif de l’Aïr. Journal d’agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée 3(12), 857–886. https://doi.org/10.3406/jatba.1956.2353

De Ploey J, Lepersonne J, Stoops G. 1968. Sédimentologie et origine des sables de la série des sables ocre et de la série des Grès polymorphes (Système du Kalahari) au Congo occidental. Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Sciences Géologiques 61, 72 p.

Desanges J, Riser J. 1989. Atlas, Encyclopédie Berbère. Mis en ligne le 1 décembre 2012. Consulté le 24 mars 2024. DOI: 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1213

Diallo BO, Bastide B, Poissonnet M, Dao M, Sanou J, Hossaert-McKey M. 2006. Mise en évidence d’une androdioécie morphologique et d’une « hétérostigmatie » chez Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. Fruits 61(4), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2006023

Diallo BO, Joly HI, Hossaert-McKey M, McKey D, Chevallier MH. 2007. Genetic diversity of Tamarindus indica populations: Any clues on the origin from its current distribution? African Journal of Biotechnology 6(7), 853–860. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2098

Diallo BO, Sanou J, Dao MEC, Cao V, Assimi S. 2000. Amélioration génétique des ligneux soudano-sahéliens. Rapport final d’activité du projet FAC/94/CD/78/BKA, CNRST/INERA/DPF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 199 p.

Diallo FA, Sandwidi A, Dao MEC, Bationo-Kando P, Diallo BO. 2020. Caractérisation phénotypique des plantules de quatre populations de Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. au Burkina Faso. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 344, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2020.344.a31898

Dudley JP, Gibson DStC, Haynes G, Klimowicz J. 2001. Drought mortality of bush elephant in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 39(2), 187–194.

Fabregues BP, Lebrun JP. 1976. Catalogue des plantes vasculaires du Niger. Institut d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux. Etude botanique 3, 1–433.

Faye MD, Weber JC, Abasse TA, Boureima M, Larwanou M, Bationo BA, et al. 2011. Farmers’ preferences for tree functions and species in the West African Sahel. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 20(2–3), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2011.9756702

Hall JB, O’Brien EM, Sinclair FL. 2002. Sclerocarya birrea: A monograph. University of Wales, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Bangor, Number 19, 157 p.

Hamrick JL, Godt MJW. 1996. Conservation genetics of endemic plant species. In: Avise JC, Hamrick JL (eds.). Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, pp. 281–334.

Hirch B, Roussel B. 2009. Le Rift est-africain: Une singularité plurielle. IRD Editions, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Marseille, 423 p. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions

Kadu CAC, Imbuga M, Jamnadass R, Dawson IK. 2006. Genetic management of indigenous fruit trees in Southern Africa: A case study of Sclerocarya birrea based on nuclear and chloroplast variation. South African Journal of Botany 72, 421–427.

Kroepelin S. 2006. Revisiting the age of the Sahara Desert. Science 312, 1138–1139.

Le Gouriellec S. 2022. Corne de l’Afrique: Chronique d’une région tourmentée. Diplomatie 117, 68–72. https://www.jstor/48682712

Leppik EE. 1956. The form and function of numeral patterns in flowers. American Journal of Botany 43, 445–451.

Louvet P. 1971. Sur les affinités des flores tropicales ligneuses africaines tertiaire et actuelle. Bulletin Société Botanique 120, 385–396.

Maley J. 1980. Les changements climatiques de la fin du Tertiaire en Afrique: Leur conséquence sur l’apparition du Sahara et sa végétation. In: Williams MAJ, Faure H (eds.). The Sahara and the Nile: Quaternary Environments in Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 63–86.

Maley J. 2010. Climate and palaeoenvironment evolution in North Tropical Africa from the end of the Tertiary to the Upper Quaternary. Palaeoecology of Africa 30, 227–278.

Médail F, Quézel P. 2018. Biogéographie de la flore du Sahara: Une biodiversité en situation extrême. IRD Editions, Conservatoire et Jardin botanique de la Ville de Genève. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions

Millot G. 1964. Géologie des Argiles. Editions Masson, Paris, France, pp. 129–146.

Mologni C. 2021. Le rôle des changements climatiques dans l’évolution des paléo-paysages et des occupations préhistoriques pendant le dernier cycle humide-aride dans la Corne de l’Afrique. Thèse de doctorat unique, Université Côte d’Azur, Sciences fondamentales et appliquées, 297 p.

Moreau RE. 1952. Africa since the Mesozoic with particular reference to certain biological problems. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 12, 869–913.

Müller J. 1981. Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. Botanical Review 47, 1–142.

Muok BO, Khumalo SG, Tadesse W, Alem S. 2011. Conservation et utilisation durable des ressources génétiques des espèces ligneuses alimentaires prioritaires de l’Afrique subsaharienne: Sclerocarya birrea, prunier d’Afrique. Biodiversity International (Saforgen), INIA, CITA, 12 p. http://hdl.handle.net/10532/1690

Nanson A. 2004. Génétique et amélioration des arbres forestiers. Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, Belgique, 712 p.

Peters CR. 1988. Notes on the distribution and abundance of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (Anacardiaceae). Missouri Botanic Garden 25, 403–410.

Pickford M, Senut B. 2003. Geology and Paleobiology of the Central and Southern Namib: Paleontology of the Orange River Valley, Namibia. Geological Survey publication 19, Namibia, 398 p.

Provost AM. 2023. Climat extrême, sécheresse «sans précédent» au Kenya. Documentaire, Le Devoir, 22 minutes.

Quézel P. 1954. A propos d’une mission botanique dans le massif du Hoggar. Bulletin de liaison saharienne 17, 107–113.

Schuster M, Duringer P, Ghienne JF, Vignaud P, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Brunet M. 2006. The age of the Sahara Desert. Science 311, 821. https://www.cbd.int/gbo3

Shackleton C. 2002. Growth and fruit production of Sclerocarya birrea in the South African Lowveld. Agroforestry Systems 55, 175–180.

Sidyenne EA. 1996. Des arbres et arbustes spontanés de l’Adrar des Iforas (Mali): Étude ethnolinguistique et ethnobotanique. CIRAD, Montpellier, France, Editions ORSTOM, 137 p.

White F. 1986. La végétation de l’Afrique: Mémoire accompagnant la carte de végétation. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, France, 391 p.

Zhang Z, Ramstein G, Schuster M, Li C, Cantoux C, Yan Q. 2014. Aridification of the Sahara Desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene. Nature 513, 401–404.

Related Articles

General characteristics of symbiotic relationships between bacteria belonging to the order rhizobiales and wild legumes

K. F. Bakhshaliyeva*, N. D. İmamquliyev, M. İ. Qasımova, S. M. Muradova, Int. J. Biosci. 29(1), 33-37, July 2026.

Pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and bioactivity profile of taurine in cardiovascular health and disease management

Aravindhan Tamililakkiya, T. Dhanalakshmi*, Int. J. Biosci. 29(1), 24-32, July 2026.

Revolutionizing air pollution analysis and modeling across road construction phases: A comprehensive review

Anilkumar Dattatray Shimpi*, Ashok Maruti Datir, Pravin Mukund Nalawade, Int. J. Biosci. 29(1), 1-13, July 2026.

Dynamics of land use and land cover change in Puntland, Somalia: Drivers, trends, and implications for dryland ecosystem sustainability

Louis Njie Ndumbe*, Verina Ingram, Ettagbor Hans Enukwa, Fonwi Blanche-Kelly, Int. J. Biosci. 28(6), 285-295, June 2026.

Health risks linked to the contamination of fried fish sold on the streets of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus

Kouame N´Zebo Desire*, Krabi Ekoua Regina, Traore Moumouny, Dadie Adjehi, Int. J. Biosci. 28(6), 273-284, June 2026.

Nanotechnology-driven diagnostics and therapeutics in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Emerging technologies, clinical translation and future perspectives

Abhijeet Patnaik, S. Vidya, Sathyakumar Mayilvakanam*, Magesh Karuppur Thiagarajan, Aravindhan Ravi, Sivachandran Annamalai, Mitthra Suresh, Int. J. Biosci. 28(6), 216-272, June 2026.