Climate change impacts on the biogeography and population status of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.: Implications for sustainable conservation

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Review Paper 05/07/2026
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Climate change impacts on the biogeography and population status of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.: Implications for sustainable conservation

Fatimata Anna Diallo*, Dominique Nikiéma, Abdoulazize Sandwidi, Boukary Ousmane Diallo, Pauline Bationo/Kando
Int. J. Biosci. 29(1), 14-23, July 2026.
Copyright Statement: Copyright 2026; The Author(s).
License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Abstract

Major climatic changes have continuously influenced the evolutionary dynamics of plant populations throughout Earth’s history. Although extensive literature exists on paleobotany and paleoclimatology, these data have been only marginally integrated to reconstruct the historical dynamics of plant species. This study combines paleoclimatic and paleobotanical evidence to reconstruct the biogeographic history and assess the current population status of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst., commonly known as the afplum tree. Sclerocarya birrea is an endemic African tree species valued for its edible fruits and oil-rich seeds. The study covers the period from the Tertiary to the Quaternary and aims to investigate the processes of population emergence, extinction, recolonization, and distribution in response to climatic fluctuations. The literature review focused on the Sahara and its surrounding regions, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Kenya–Tanzania region. Vegetation history was reconstructed using paleoclimatic sequences and paleobotanical record. The findings indicate that successive climatic fluctuations during the Tertiary and Quaternary largely shaped the present-day biogeography of Sclerocarya birrea populations. Furthermore, the ongoing aridification that has characterized the Holocene poses an increasing threat to the persistence of the species. Based on these findings, region-specific strategies are proposed to ensure the sustainable conservation of the genetic resources of Sclerocarya birrea across the different study areas.

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