Evaluation of acute toxicity and heavy metals levels of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta, Citrus aurantifolia and Heterotis rotundifolia
Paper Details
Evaluation of acute toxicity and heavy metals levels of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta, Citrus aurantifolia and Heterotis rotundifolia
Abstract
Euphorbia hirta, Citrus aurantifolia and Heterotis rotundifolia are plants used in traditional Beninese medicine to treat various diseases and the data on their toxicity are almost non-existent. This study was undertaken to evaluate their toxicity. The acute oral toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of these plants was assessed according to OECD guideline 423 with Wistar rats at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the contents of heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Aluminum (Al), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) were determined using the optical emission mass spectrophotometry coupled to induced plasma. Single dose administration of plant extracts did not cause any clinical signs in rats during the 14 days of observation. Moreover, no significant differences (p> 0.05) were observed between the hematological and biochemical parameters of the rats treated with the extracts and those of the normal control rats, whatever the day of levy. The extracts showed no toxicological effects at the administered dose. This result was confirmed by histological examination of the kidneys and liver of rats which showed no architectural deformation. Otherwise, the heavy metal content sought is below the tolerable level according to WHO/FAO standards. It is therefore established that, Euphorbia hirta, Citrus aurantifolia and Heterotis rotundifolia do not exhibit toxicity at the studied dose (2000 mg/kg of b.w.) and do not present any risk of toxicity to the heavy metals sought.
Abere TA, Okoto PE, Agoreyo FO. 2010. Antidiarrhoea and toxicological evaluation of the leaf extract of Dissotis rotundifolia triana (Melastomataceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10, 1-7.
Adeleke RO, Abiodun OA. 2010. Nutritional composition of breadfruit seed (Artocarpus camansi). African Journal of. Agricultural Research 5, 1273- 1276.
Adjoungoua A, Diafouka F, Koffi P, Lokrou A, Attaï H. 2006. Valorisation de la pharmacopée traditionnelle : action de l’extrait alcoolique de Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) sur l’exploration statique et dynamique de la glycémie. Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie Africain 19, 1-12.
Ajayi IA, Oderinde RA, Adewuyi A, Uponi JI. 2013. Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals and Macronutrients Status of 10 Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. International Journal of pharmacy and biological sciences 8, 12-17.
Barry MS. 1999. Les guérisseurs et leurs techniques thérapeutiques en Moyenne-Guinée. Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie Africain 13, 91-103.
Benjamin J, Muir T, Briggs K, Pentland B. 2001. A case of cerebral haemorrhage: can Gink-go biloba be implicated? Postgraduate Medical Journal 77, 3-112.
Chang CW, Chi-Rei W. 2015. Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and toxicological evaluation of Fang-Ji-Huang-Qi-Tang in rodents. BioMed central 52, 15-10.
Chikhi I. 2014. Composition chimique et activités biologiques des extraits de cinq plantes aromatiques et médicinales de l’ouest d’Algérie. Thèse de doctorat. Université Abou Bekr Belkaid-Tlemcen, Agérie, p 174.
Choi SH, Kim JY, Mi CE, Lee MY, Yang JY, Ho Lee G, Kim KS, Yang JS, Russo RE, Yoo JH, Kang GJ, Park KS. 2018. Heavy Metal Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Direct Mercury Analysis (DMA) and Arsenic Mapping by Femtosecond (fs) – Laser Ablation (LA) ICP-MS in Cereals. Analytical Letters 52, 1-13.
Chunlaratthanaphorn S, Lertprasertsuke N, Srisawat U, Thuppia A, Ngamjariyawat A, Suwanlikhid N, Jaijoy K. 2007. Acute and subchronic toxicity study of the water extract from root of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.et Panz.) Swingle in rats. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 29 (Supplement 1), 125-139.
Colson CR, De Broe ME. 2005. Kidney injury from alternative medicines. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease 12, 75-261.
Dougnon VT, Klotoé JR, Sènou M, Roko GO, Dougnon G, Fabiyi K, Amadou A, Aniambossou A, Assogba P, Bankolé H, Dougnon J, Baba-Moussa L. 2017. Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Extracts of Euphorbia hirta, Citrus aurantifolia and Heterotis rotundifolia on Enteropathogenic Bacteria. EC Microbiology 12, 180-195.
Ernst E. 2003. Serious psychiatric and neurological adverse effects of herbal medicines: a systemic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108, 83-91.
Femenia A, Rossello C, Mulet A, Canellas J. 1995. Chemical composition of bitter and sweet apricot kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, 356-361.
Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). 1984. Contaminants. In: Codex Alimentarius, Ed.1, vol. XVII, FAO/WHO, Codex Alimentarius Commision, Rome.
Goddard C, Warnes T. 1992. Raised liver enzymes in asymptomatic patients: investigation and outcome. Digital Distribution 10, 218-226.
Guede-Guina F, Vangah-Mandah M, Bonga GM, de Souza C. 1995. Activité antibactérienne d’un extrait végétale contre les germes opportunistes au cours du SIDA. Revue de Médecine et de Pharmacie 9, 13-19.
Guerra F, Trevizam AR, Muraoka T, Marcante NC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG. 2010. Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human health. Scientia Agricola 69, 54-60.
Guessan BY, Rokia S, Kiyinlma C, Diénéba K. 2015. Minerals salt composition and secondary metabolites of Euphorbia hirta Linn, an antihyperglycemic plant. Pharmacognosy Research 7, 7-13.
Hmamouchi M. 1999. Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques marocaines. Utilisations, biologie, écologie, chimie, pharmacologie, toxicology. Imprimerie de Fédala, Mohammedia, Maroc, 389 p.
Jabeen S, Shah MT, Khan S, Hayat MQ. 2010. Determination of major and trace elements in ten important folk therapeutic plants of Haripur basin, Pakistan. Journal of. Medicinal Plants Research 4, 559-566.
Jensen WI, Allen JP. 1981. Naturally occurring and experimentally induced castor bean (Ricinus communis) poisoning in ducks. Avian Diseases 5, 94-184.
Khan SA, Khan L, Hussain I, Marwat KB, Akhtar N. 2008. Profile of heavy metals in selected medicinal plants, Pak. Journal of Research in Weed Science 14, 101-110.
Kntapo FM, Salisu AG, Said RM. 2018. X-Ray flourescence (XRF) elemental composition of Euphorbia hirta Linn (Asthma weed) as a medicinal plant. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 4, 49-54.
Kwan TH, Tong MK, Leung KT, Lai CK, Poon WT, Chan YW. 2006. Acute renal failure associated with prolonged intake of slimming pills containing anthraquinones. Hong Kong Medical Journal 12, 7-394.
Millogo-Koné H, Asimi S, Guissou IP, Nacoulma OG. 2008. Etude de l’activité antimicrobienne d’extraits de Parkia biglobosa (JACQ.) BENTH. sur des souches de Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacopée et Médecine traditionnelle Africaines 15, 1-5.
Moritz F, Compagnon P, Kaliszczak IG, Kaliszczak Y, Caliskan V, Girault C. 2005. Severe acute poisoning with homemade Aconitum napellus capsules: toxicokinetic and clinical data. Clinical Toxicology 43, 6-873.
N’Guessan JD, Bidie AP, Lenta BN, Weniger B, Andre P, Guede-Guina F. 2007. In vitro assays for bioactivity-guided isolation of anti-Salmonella and antioxidant compounds in Thonningia sanginea flowers. African Journal of Biotechnology 6, 1685-1689.
N’Guessan K. 2008 Plantes médicinales et pratiques médicales traditionnelles chez les peuples Abbey et Krobou du Département d’Agboville (Côte-d’Ivoire). Thèse de Doctorat ès Sciences Naturelles. Université de Cocody-Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, p 235.
Nacoulma O. 1996. Plantes médicinales et pratiques médicales traditionnelles au Burkina Faso, cas du plateau central. Thèse Doctorat d’Etat es Sciences Naturelles. Université d’Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, p 210.
Olayiwola OA. 2013. Phytochemicals and spectrophotometric determination of metals in various plant. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research 6, 51 -54.
Onyeka IP, Suleiman MM, Bako SP. 2018. Toxicity Effects of Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia hirta-Honey Mixture in Albino Rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy & Natural Products 4(1), 147-155.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2002. Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals / Section 4: Health Effects Test No423: Acute Oral toxicity – Acute Toxic Class Method.
Palani S, Raja R, Kumar P, Jayakumar S. 2009. Therapeutic efficacy of Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Apiaceae) on acetaminophen induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in male albino rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology 3, 45-57.
Peirs C. 2005. Contribution à l’étude phytochimique de Galega officinalis L. (Fabaceae). Thèse de Doctorat, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France, p 30.
Ping KY, Darah I, Chen Y, Sreeramanan S, Sasidharan S. 2013. Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Euphorbia hirta L. Methanol Extract in Rats. BioMed Research International 1, 1-14.
Saad B, Azaizeh H, Abu-Hijleh G, Said O. 2006. Safety of traditional Arab herbal. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, 9-433.
Sanogo R, Diallo D, Diarra S, Ekoumou C, Bougoudogo F. 2006. Activité antibactérienne et antalgique de deux recettes traditionnelles utilisées dans le traitement des infections urinaires et la cystite au Mali. Mali Médical 21, 18-24.
Sharma KR, Agrawal M, Marshall MF. 2009. Heavy metals in vegetables collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of India. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, 583-591.
Sheik HS, Vedhaiyan N, Singaravel S. 2013. Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies of Some Indigenous Medicinal Plants. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 3, 166-169.
Sreemoy KD, Pinaki S, Mohd. Shahimi M, Arindam D, Md. Moklesur RS, Muhammad K. 2015. Toxicological Investigation of Ethanolic Extract of Epipremnum aureum In Rodents. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 5, 057-061. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2015.58.S9
Thummajitsakul S, Subsinsungnern R, Treerassapanich N, Kunsanprasit N, Puttirat L, Kroeksakul P, Silprasit K. 2018. Pesticide and Heavy Metal Contamination: Potential Health Risks of Some Vegetables and Fruits from a Local Market and Family Farm in Ongkharak District of Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 41, 987-1001.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2002. World Health Organization Strategy for Traditional Medicine 2002-2005. WHO /EDM /TRM /2002.1.
Zeggwagh AA, Lahlou Y, Bousliman Y. 2013. Survey of toxicological aspects of herbal medicine used by a herbalist in Fes, Morocco. Pan African Medical Journal 14, p 125.
Zuin VG, Vilegas JHY. 2000. Pesticide residues in medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Phytotherapy Research 14, 73-88.
Roko Oladélé, Dougnon Victorien, Hounkpatin Armelle, Baba-Moussa Lamine (2019), Evaluation of acute toxicity and heavy metals levels of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta, Citrus aurantifolia and Heterotis rotundifolia; IJB, V15, N3, September, P110-122
https://innspub.net/evaluation-of-acute-toxicity-and-heavy-metals-levels-of-aqueous-and-ethanolic-extracts-of-euphorbia-hirta-citrus-aurantifolia-and-heterotis-rotundifolia/
Copyright © 2019
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0