A comparative study of physicochemical and biological water quality parameters of Iligan Bay, Philippines
Paper Details
A comparative study of physicochemical and biological water quality parameters of Iligan Bay, Philippines
Abstract
Changes in the physico-chemical characteristics provide significant information on status and health of aquatic ecosystem particularly marine life. This study was conducted to analyze the physico-chemical and biological water quality parameters of the selected three coastal waters of Iligan Bay, Philippines which has been a major fishing ground for its rich fishery resources. A total of 11 physico-chemical and 3 biological parameters were observed. Principal component analysis showed four major PCs which accounted for 88.3% variance of the original data structure. The first PC explained 38.191% of the total variance and was best represented by nitrate, phosphate and conductivity. The second PC was dominated by Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), accounting for 26.062% of the total variance. The third PC explained 13.787% of the total variance and loaded heavily on transparency and substrate type. The fourth PC accounted for 10.212% of the total variance which is dominated by hetero plate count, total coliform and E. coli. Results showed that selected sites in Iligan Bay generally, did not comply with the limits of quality set by the DENR especially for surface water temperature and pH. Moreover, results for bacteriological analysis implied that the three sites examined exhibited relatively poor water quality during the study period. In this respect, poor water quality is attributed to anthropogenic activities in the area.
Abdel-Raouf N, Al-Homaidan AA, Ibraheem IBM. 2012. Microalgae and wastewater treatment. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 19(3), 257–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.005
Adeniji HA. 1991. Limnology and biological production in the pelagic zone of Jebba Lake (Nigeria).
Al-Zamel AZ, Al-Sarawi MA, Khader SR, Al-Rifaiy IA.2009. Benthic foraminifera from polluted marine environment of Sulaibikhat Bay (Kuwait). Environ Monit Assess 149,395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0216-7
Ali SM, SabaeSZ, Fayez M, Monib M, Hegazi NA. 2011. The influence of agro-industrial effluents on River Nile pollution. Journal of Advanced Research 2(1), 85-95.
Amarasiri S. 2007. Declining Water Quality and its effect on Water Security, In: Water Resources Research in Sri Lanka, De Silva R.P. and Dayawansa N.D.K. (Ed.) Symposium proceedings of The Water Professionals’ Day, Geo- Informatics Society of Sri Lanka (GISSL), 1-10 p.
Amarathunga AAD, Weerasekara KAW, Sureshkumar N, Azmy SAM, Shirantha RRAR. 2010. Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity co-relation and its impact on aquatic community in Kotmale sub-catchment in the Upper Mahaweli Watershed in Sri Lanka. Water Resource Research in Sri Lanka, 115-124 p.
Anderson CW, Rounds SA. 2003. Phosphorus and E. Coli and their relation to selected constituents during storm runoff conditions in Fanno Creek, Oregon, 1998-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4232, 35 p.
Anderson KL, Whitlock JE, Harwood VJ. 2005. Persistence and differential survival of fecal indicator bacteria in subtropical waters and sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 71(6),3041‐3048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.6.3041-3048.2005
Anderson SA, Turner SJ, Lewis GD. 1997. Enterococci in the New Zealand environment: implications for water quality monitoring. Water SciTechnol35, 325–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00280-1
Arslan WR. 2013. Spatially weighted principal component analysis (PCA) method for water quality analysis40, 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0097807813030111
Azmy SAM, Weerasekara KAWS, Hettige ND, Wickramaratne C, Amaratunga AAD. 2012. Determination of the current status of water quality in commercially important water bodies mainly the Puttalam Lagoon, Giant’s Tank and Akurala water bodies of Sri Lanka through rapid assessment surveys. In: International Symposium on Urban Lakes Monitoring and Management, PGIA, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 135-144.
BabuMT, Das VK, Vethamony P. 2006. BOD–DO modeling and water quality analysis of a waste water outfall off Kochi, west coast of India. Environment International 32(2), 165-173.
Babu KN, Omana PK, Mohan M. 2010. Water and Sediment quality of Ashtamudi estuary, a Ramsar site, southwest coast of India – A statistical appraisal, Environmental Monit Assess, 165,307–319, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0947-0. 217
Balachandran KK. 1990. Does subterranean flow initiate mud banks off the southwest coast of India. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 2004; 59, 589 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2003.11.004
Banat I, Puskas K, Esen I, Al-Daher R.1990.Wastewater treatment and algal productivity in an integrated ponding system.Biological Wastes 32(4), pp.265-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90058-Z
Barakat A, Ennaji W, El Jazouli A, Amediaz R, Touhami F. 2017. Multivariate analysis and GIS-based soil suitability diagnosis for sustainable intensive agriculture in Beni-Moussa irrigated subperimeter (Tadla plain, Morocco). Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 3(1), 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-017-0272-5
Basualto S, Tapia J, Cruces F, Peña-Cortés F, Hauenstein E, Bertrán C, Schlatter R. 2006. The effect of physical and chemical parameters on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community of Lake Budi (IX Region, Chile). Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 51(3), 993-999.
Bong CW, Lee CW. 2008. Nearshore and Offshore Comparison of Marine Water Quality Variables Measured During SESMA 1, Malaysian Journal of Science 27(3), 25–31. http://doi.org/10.1.1.517.2136
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS. 1982. Methods of soil analysis, part 2 chemical and microbiological properties, 595-624.
Cabral JP. 2010. Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water.International journal of environmental research and public health 7(10), 3657-3703.
Chigor VN, Umoh VJ, Smith SI, Igbinosa EO, Okoh AI. 2010. Multidrug resistance and plasmid patterns of Escherichia coli O157 and other E. coli isolated from diarrhoeal stools and surface waters from some selected sources in Zaria, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 7,3831–3841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103831
Colford JM, Wade TJ, Schiff KC, Wright CC, Griffith JF, Sandhu SK, Burns S, Sobsey M, Lovelace G, Weisberg SB. 2007. Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination. Epidemiology 18(1),27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000249425.32990.b9
Dallas H. 2008. Water temperature and riverine ecosystems: An overview of knowledge and approaches for assessing biotic responses, with special reference to South Africa. Water Sa 34(3),393-404.
Denr-Administrative order NO. 34, 1990 Revised Water Usage and Classification of Water Quality Criteria Amending Section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III of the 1978 Rules and Regulations. Manila,
Dixit PR, Kar B, Chattopadhyay P, Panda CH. 2013. Seasonal variation of the physicochemical properties of water samples in Mahanadi Estuary, East Coast of India. J. Environ. Prot. 4,843-848. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.48098
Donovan E, Unice K, Roberts JD, Harris M, Finley B. 2008.Risk of gastrointestinal disease associated with exposure to pathogens in the water of the Lower Passaic River. Appl Environ Microbiol. 74(4),994–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00601-07
Duran M, Tuzen M, Kayim M. 2003. Exploration of biological richness and water Quality of stream Kelkit, Tokat Turkey. Fresenius Envir. Bull 12(4), 368.
Fadaei A. 2014. A Comparison of the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water for the Rural of Hooreh and Arjnk, Iran. Resources and Environment 4(5), 215-219.
Feng P, Weagant SD, Grant MA, Burkhardt W, Shellfish M, Water BBAM. 2002. Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria. Bacteriological analytical manual. 13–19 p.
Fleisher JM, Fleming LE, Solo-Gabriele HM, Kish JK, Sinigalliano CD, Plano L, Elmir SM, Wang JD, Withum K, Shibata T, Gidley ML. 2010. The BEACHES Study: health effects and exposures from non-point source microbial contaminants in subtropical recreational marine waters. Int J Epidemiol. 39(5),1291–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq084
Freeze RA, Cherry JA. 1979. Groundwater, 604 pp., Prentice‐ Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
Fukuda M, Inoue N, Nishizawa S. 1954. Investigation of trubidity in the sea. 1. Design of a turbidity meter and preliminary observation. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkadio Univ. 5, 99-104.
Garcon V, Kriest I, Levin LA. 1991. Carbon dioxide production in the North Atlantic, Ocean Life 7(2), 61-65.
Gazzaz, Yusoff, Ramli, Aris, Juahir 2012. Characterization of spatial patterns in river water quality using chemometric pattern recognition techniques Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(4), (2012), 688–698 p.
Guimarães DO, Pereira LC, Monteiro MC, Gorayeb A, Costa RM. 2009. Effects of the urban influence on the Cereja River and Caeté Estuary (Amazon littoral, Brazil). J Coastal Res SI56: 1219-1223.
Gyawali S, Techato K, Yuangyai C. 2012. Effects of industrial waste disposal on the surface water quality of U-tapao River, Thailand. In IntConf Environ SciEng3, 109-113.
Hamilton JL, Luffman I. 2009. Precipitation, pathogens, and turbidity trends in the Little River, Tennessee, Phys. Geogr30, 236–248.
Helena B, Pardo R, Vega M, Barrado E, Fernandez JM, Fernandez L. 2000. Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis, Water Research 49, 359-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0
Ho KC, Hui KCC. 2001. Chemical contamination of the East River (Dongjiang) and its implication on sustainable development in the Pearl River Delta. Environ Int26(5–6), 303–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00004-6
Jackson JE. 1991. A user’s guide to principal components. New York: Wiley.
Jones JRE. 1952. The reactions of fish to water of low oxygen concentration, Journal of Experimental Biology 29, 403-415.
Jouhara H, Czajczyńska D, Ghazal H, Krzyżyńska R, Anguilano L, Reynolds A J, Spencer N. 2017. Municipal waste management systems for domestic use. Energy 139, 485-506.
Kim JO, Mueller CW. 1987. Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues, Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no 07–014.Sage Publications, Beverly Hills. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412984256
Kim RH, Yum BW, Chang HW. 2002. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics for salinization of a shallow groundwater in coastal area, Youngkwang, Korea, Proc. 17th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, Delft, The Netherlands, 227–237.
Kobingi N, Raburu PO, Masese FO, Gichuki J. 2009. Assessment of Pollution Impacts on the Ecological Integrity of the Kisian and Kisat Rivers in Lake Victoria Drainage Basin, Kenya. Afr. J. Sci.Tech. Accepted.
Kravchuk A. 2006. Benthic foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the north-western shallow part of the Black Sea.Geophysical Research Abstracts 8, 00518.
Krishnamurthy R. 1990. Hydro-biological studies of Wohar reservoir Aurangabad (Maharashtra State) India. J. Environ. Biol11(3),335-343.
Kuppusamy MR, Giridhar VV. 2006. Factor analysis of water quality characteristics including trace metal speciation in the coastal environmental system of Chennai Ennore. Environment international 32(2), 174-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.008
Lawler DM. 2004.Turbidimetry and nephelometry. In: Townshend, A. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, 2nd edition. London: Academic Press 343-351 p.
Levén L, Eriksson AR, Schnürer A. 2007. Effect of process temperature on bacterial and archaeal communities in two methanogenic bioreactors treating organic household waste.FEMS microbiology ecology 59(3), 683-693.
Mee CJ, Farquhar MJ, Harris HJ, Ramma W, Ahmed A, Maurel P, Bicknell R, Balfe P, Mc Keating JA. 2009b. Hepatitis C virus infection reduces hepatocellular polarity in a vascular endothelial growth factor dependent manner. Gastroenterolgy [Epub. ahead of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.047
Metris.2014. A. Metris, S.M. George, F. Mulholland, A.T. Carter, J. Baranyi Metabolic shift of Escherichia coli under salt stress in the presence of glycine betaine Appl. Environ. Microbiol80, 4745–4756 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00599-14
Morales MM, Marti P, Liopis A, Campos L, Sagrado S. 1999. An environmental study by factor analysis of surface sea waters in the gulf of Valencia (Western Mediterranean). Analytica Chimica Acta 394(1), 109-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00198-1
OgidiakaEfe. 2012.Physico-Chemical Parameters and Benthic Macro-invertebrates of Ogunpa River at Bodija, Ibadan, Oyo State European Journal of Scientific Research 85(1), 89-97.
Oliveira AJFC, Hollnagel HC, Mesquita Hde SL, Fontes RFC. 2007. Physical, chemical and microbiological characterization of the intertidal sediments of Pereque Beach, Guarujá (SP), Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, 921–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.03.003
Oliveira AJFC, Pinhata JM. 2008. Antimicrobial resistance and species composition of Enteroccocus spp. Isolated from waters and sands of marine recreational beaches in southern Brazil. Water Research.42, 2242–2250.
U.S. EPA. 2000. (United State Environmental Protection Agency). Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (saltwater), Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. EPA/822/R-00/12.
Ouyang TP, Zhu ZY, Kuang YQ. 2005. River water quality and pollution sources in the Pearl River Delta, China. J Environ Monit, 7(7), 664–669.
Pearson HW, Mara DD, Mills SW, Smallman DJ. 1987. Physico-chemical parameters influencing faecal bacterial survival in waste stabilization ponds. Water science and technology 19(12), 145-152.
Pezard PA. 1990. Electrical properties of mid-ocean ridge basalt and implications for the structure of the upper oceanic crust in hole 504B. J. Geophys. Res 95, 9237−9264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p09237
Praveena SM, Aris AZ. 2013. A baseline study of tropical coastal water quality in Port Dickson, Strait of Malacca, Malaysia, Marine Pollution Bulletin 67, 196–199, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.037
Premlata V. 2009. Multivariant analysis of drinking water quality parameters of lakePichhola in Udaipur, India. Biological Forum, Biological Forum- An International Journal 1(2), 97-102 p.
Miroslav R, Vladimir NB. 1999. Practical environmental analysis. UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 289, 314.
Rajasegar M. 2003. Physico-chemical characteristics of the Vellar estuary in relation to shrimp farming. J. Environ. Biol. 24, 95-101.
Ritter L, Solomon P, Sibley K. Hall P, Keen G, Mattu B. 2002. Sources, pathways, and relative risks of contaminants in surface water and groundwater: a perspective prepared for the Walkerton Inquiry. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 65,1–142.
Rozen Y, Belkin S. 2001. Survival of enteric bacteria in seawater. FEMS Microbio. Rev 25, 513–529.
Sato MIZ, Bari MD, Lamparelli CC, Truzzi AC, Coelho MCLS, Hachich EM. 2005. Sanitary quality of sands from marine recreational beaches of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 36(4), 321–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S151783822005000400003
Shammas MI, Jacks G. 2007. Seawater intrusion in the Salalah plain aquifer. Oman, Environmental Geology 53, 575– 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0673-2
Shuval H. 2003. Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment. Journal of Water and Health 1(2), 53-64 p.
Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S. 2005.Water quality assessment and appropriation of pollution sources of Gomti River (India) using multivariate statistical techniques – a case study, Analytica Chimica Acta, 538, 355-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
Signh S, Bhaduri B, Banerjee P, Datta S. 2012. Assessment of Coastal Water Quality at Bakkhali, Assessment of Coastal Water Quality at Bakkhali, West Bengal (India) West Bengal (India) J Environ. Science and Engg. 54(2),217- 226.
Solo-Gabriele HM, Wolfert MA, Desmarais TR, Palmer CJ. 2000. Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal subtropical environment. Appl Environ Microbiol66, 230– 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.1.230-237.2000
Tampus AD, Apuan DA, Jabbar MM, Salapuddin FB. 2014. Characterization of seawater quality in stressed coastal zone of Iligan Bay. Advances in Environmental Sciences 6(1).
Tampus AD, Tobias EG, Amparado RF, Bajo L, Sinco AL. 2012.Water quality assessment using macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters in the riverine system of Iligan City, Philippines. Advances in Environmental Sciences, 4(2).
Tucker CS, D’Abramo LR. 2008. Managing high pH in freshwater ponds. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.
Upadhyay S. 1988.Physico-chemical characteristics of the Mahanadhi estuarine ecosystem. East coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci17, 19-23.
Wang HW, Zhang B, Hao YJ, Huang J, Tian AG, Liao Y, Zhang JS, Chen SY. 2007. The soybean Dof-type transcription factor genes, GmDof4 and GmDof11, enhance lipid content in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The Plant Journal 52, 716–729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03268.x
Wang Y, Wang P, Bai Y, Tian Z, Li J, Shao X, Li BL. 2013. Assessment of surface water quality via multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Songhua River Harbin region, China. Journal of hydro-environment research 7(1), 30-40.
Webster M, Sheets HD, Hughes NC. 2001. Allometric patterning in trilobite ontogeny: testing for heterochrony in Nepholenellus. In M.L. Zelditch (ed.), Beyond Heterochrony: the evolution of development. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, 105-144.
Wondie TA. 2009. The impact of urban storm water runoff and domestic waste effluent on water quality of lake Tana and local groundwater near the city of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
Xiao-long W, Yong-long L, Jing-yi H, Gui-zhen H, Tie-yu W. 2007 Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed. J Environ Sci19, 475–481.
Yap CK, Fairuz MS, Yeow KL, Hatta MY, Ismail A, Ismail AR, Tan SG. 2009. Dissolved Heavy Metals and Water Quality in the Surface Waters of Rivers and Drainages of the West Peninsular Malaysia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 6(3), 51-59.
Zhu ZY, Deng QL, Zhou HY, Ouyang TP, Kuang YQ, Huang NS, Qiao YL.2002.Water pollution and degradation in Pearl river Delta, South China. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment31(3), 226-230 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-31.3.226
Darlyne Logarta Bugtong, Annielyn Deocampo Tampus, Sharon Rose Malanum Tabugo, Angelo Ario Responte, Marilu Dandasan Dimalen (2018), A comparative study of physicochemical and biological water quality parameters of Iligan Bay, Philippines; IJB, V12, N6, June, P19-36
https://innspub.net/a-comparative-study-of-physicochemical-and-biological-water-quality-parameters-of-iligan-bay-philippines/
Copyright © 2018
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0