A three months later study of COVID-19 in Pakistan; A systematic review
Paper Details
A three months later study of COVID-19 in Pakistan; A systematic review
Abstract
An ongoing novel highly contagious pneumonia outbreak started in Wuhan, which is the sprawling capital of central china’s province, Hubei, in late December 2019. The disease was officially named by the World Health Organization on February 12, 2020, as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary host of SARS-CoV-2 is linked with bat species however; the intermediate host is still not clear. The COVID-19 spread rapidly across the world because of person-person transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 stimulates both the cellular and humoral immunity mediated by viral-specific B and T cells. Cases of COVID-19 infection exhibit several clinical complications for example fever, tiredness and dry cough. Diagnosis is mostly depending on epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestation, and few through the examination of auxiliary tissues. In this review, we have provided a brief introduction of SARS-CoV-2, pathogenesis, diagnosis, immune responses, and treatments and future perspectives.
Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. 2020. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses [Internet]. Journal of Advanced Research 24, 91–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
Zhong NS, Zheng BJ, Li YM, Poon LLM, Xie ZH, Chan KH, Li PH, Tan SY, Chang Q, Xie JP Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respira.
Abdel-Aty AH. 2020. Computational solutions of the HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T-cells fractional mathematical model that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with the effect of antiviral drug therapy. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals.
AliJT. 2020. Pathogenesis Diagnosis, Immune Responses, and Current Treatment Strategies of COVID-19. Authorea Preprints.
Boulos MN. 2020. Geraghty. “Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight ag. 1-12.
Chowdhury MS. 2020. A Rapid Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Utilizing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID‐19. Academic Emergency Medicine.
Gao JA. 2020. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Bioscience trends.
Garcia‐Cremades MS. 2020. Optimizing hydroxychloroquine dosing for patients with COVID‐19: An integrative modeling approach for effective drug repurposing. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
Huggett B. 2016. Biotech’s wellspring—a survey of the health of the private sector in 2015. . Nature Biotechnology, 608-615.
Karuppannan AK. 2012. Natural compounds inhibiting the replication of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Antiviral research, 188-194.
Ko WCAMYLTIR. 2020. Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. International journal of antimicrobial agents.
Mortimer EA. 1990. Perspective: pertussis and its prevention: a family affair. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 473-479.
Purushotham JL. 2019. Vaccine platforms for the prevention of Lassa fever. Immunology letters, 1-11.
Rahman MT. 2020. Potential benefits of combination of Nigella sativa and Zn supplements to treat COVID-19. Journal of herbal medicine.
Savarino AG. 2001. The anti-HIV-1 activity of chloroquine Journal of clinical virology, 131-135.
Scavone CB. 2020. Current pharmacological treatments for COVID‐19: What’s next? British Journal of Pharmacology.
Xia S. 2020. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion. Cell research, 343-355.
Zhang LT. 2020. Can self-imposed prevention measures mitigate the COVID-19 epidemic? PLoS medicine, e1003240.
Zhang XZ. 2020. Baricitinib, a drug with potential effect to prevent SARS-COV-2 from entering target cells and control cytokine storm induced by COVID-19. International immunopharmacology 106749 tory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet 2003; 362, 1353–8.
Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF. 2016. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 24, 490–502.
Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, Sun C, Sylvia S, Rozelle S, Raat H. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: A scoping review. Infect. Dis. Poverty2020.
Zheng J. 2020. SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences 16, 1678–85.
Xie M, Chen Q. 2020. Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [Internet]. International Journal of Infection Dis. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y. 2020. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Medical Research.
Chen S, Yang J, Yang W, Wang C, Bärnighausen T. 2020. COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. Lancet 395, 764–6.
Zu ZY, Jiang M Di, Xu PP, Chen W, Ni QQ, Lu GM, Zhang LJ. 2019. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiology 2020; 200490.
Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang A, Jalali N, Dean N, Longini I, Halloran ME, Xu B. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. MedRxiv.
Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. 2019. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol.
Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. [Internet]. GeroScience 19. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32274617
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell: 271–80.
Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. 2018. Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry. Virology [Internet] 517, 9–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.012
Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M, Maclaren G, Brodie D. 2020. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre – including this for unrestricted research re-use a, 19–21.
Shin JS, Jung E, Kim M, Baric RS, Go YY. 2018, Saracatinib inhibits middle ,ast respiratory syndrome-coronavirus replication in vitro. Viruses 10.
Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, Bucci E, Piacentini M, Ippolito G, Melino G. 2020. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ [Internet] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
Goh KJ, Choong MC, Cheong EH, Kalimuddin S, Duu Wen S, Phua GC, Chan KS, Haja Mohideen S. 2020. Rapid Progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Review of Current Understanding of Critical Illness from COVID-19 Infection. Ann Acad Med Singapore 49, 1–9.
Ahmed T, Shah RJ, Rahim SEG, Flores M, O’Linn A. 2019. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Internist’s Perspective. Cureus 2020, 3–9.
Nikolich-Žugich J. 2018. The twilight of immunity: Emerging concepts in aging of the immune system review-article. Nat. Immunol 19, 10–9.
Desai A, Grolleau-Julius A, Yung R. 2010. Leukocyte function in the aging immune system. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 87, 1001–9.
Chinn IK, Blackburn CC, Manley NR, Sempowski GD. Changes in Primary Lymphoid Organs With Aging $watermark-text $watermark-text $watermark-text [Internet]. Semin Immunol2012; 24, 30920. Availablefrom: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415579/pdf/nihms371057.pdf
Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim BT, Kim SJ. 2020. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 30, 313–24.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research 30, 269–71.
Runfeng L, Yunlong H, Jicheng H, Weiqi P, Qinhai M, Yongxia S. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company ’ s public news and information. 2020.
Jawhara S. 2020. Could Intravenous Immunoglobulin Collected from Recovered Coronavirus Patients Protect against COVID-19 and Strengthen the Immune System of New Patients? International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21.
Watkins J. 2020. Preventing a covid-19 pandemic. BMJ [Internet] 368, 1–2. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1136/bmj.m810
Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. 2020. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? Lancet 395, 931–4.
Barnard DL, Day CW, Bailey K, Heiner M, Montgomery R, Lauridsen L, Chan PKS, Sidwell RW. 2006. Evaluation of immunomodulators, interferons and known in vitro SARS-CoV inhibitors for inhibition of SARS-CoV replication in BALB/c mice. Antivir. Chem. Chemother 17, 275–84.
Devaux CA, Rolain J, Colson P, Raoult D. 2020. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company ’ s public news and information .
Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Seidah NG, Nichol ST. 2005. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology Journal 2, 1–10.
Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. 2020. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov. Ther. 14, 58–60.
Zhang Q, Wang Y, Qi C, Shen L, Li J. 2020. Response to “Comments on ’Zhang et al.: Clinical trial analysis of 2019-nCoV therapy registered in China ’ “. Journal of Medical Virology 2019–20.
Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, Raat H. 2020. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious diseases of poverty 9(1), 1-12.
Ahmed T, Shah RJ, Rahim SEG, Flores M, O’Linn A. 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: An Internist’s Perspective. Cureus 12(3).
Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, Kim SJ. 2020. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg, D, Hollingsworth TD. 2020. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? The Lancet 395(10228), 931-934.
Barnard DL, Day CW, Bailey K, Heiner M, Montgomery R, Lauridsen L, Sidwell RW. 2006. Evaluation of immunomodulators, interferons and known in vitro SARS-coV inhibitors for inhibition of SARS-coV replication in BALB/c mice. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 17(5), 275-284.
Chen S, Yang J, Yang W, Wang C, Bärnighausen T. 2020. COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. The Lancet 395(10226), 764-766.
Chinn IK, Blackburn CC, Manley NR, Sempowski GD. 2012. Changes in primary lymphoid organs with aging. Paper presented at the Seminars in immunology.
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. 2020. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis 91(1), 157-160.
Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. 2019. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology 17(3), 181-192.
Desai A, Grolleau‐Julius A, Yung R. 2010. Leukocyte function in the aging immune system. Journal of leukocyte biology 87(6), 1001-1009.
Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. 2020. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug discoveries & therapeutics 14(1), 58-60.
Goh KJ, Kalimuddin S, Chan KS. 2020. Rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome: review of current understanding of critical illness from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Ann Acad Med Singapore 49, 108-118.
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Yan Y. 2020. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the status. Military Medical Research 7(1), 1-10.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Nitsche A. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell.
Jawhara S. 2020. Could Intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients? International journal of molecular sciences 21(7), 2272.
Nikolich-Žugich J. 2018. The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system. Nature immunology 19(1), 10-19.
Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. Geroscience, 1-10.
Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M. 2020. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this for unrestricted research re-use a Elsevier. In.
Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. 2020. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research.
Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, Melino G. 2020. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. In: Nature Publishing Group.
Shin JS, Jung E, Kim M, Baric RS, Go YY. 2018. Saracatinib inhibits middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus replication in vitro. Viruses, 10(6), 283.
Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. 2018. Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry. Virology 517, 9-15.
Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai AC, Zhou J, Gao GF. 2016. Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends in microbiology 24(6), 490-502.
Vincent MJ, Bergeron E, Benjannet S, Erickson BR, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol S. T. 2005. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology journal, 2(1), 1-10.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Xiao G. 2020. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell research, 30(3), 269-271.
Xie M, Chen Q. 2020. Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus—an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M., Wang Y, Zhang A, Jalali N, Xu B. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. MedRxiv.
Zhang Q, Wang Y, Qi C, Shen L, Li J. 2020. Clinical trial analysis of 2019‐nCoV therapy registered in China. Journal of medical virology 92(6), 540-545.
Zheng J. 2020. SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. International journal of biological sciences 16(10), 1678.
Zhong N, Zheng B, Li Y, Poon L, Xie Z, Chan K, Xie J. 2003. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, in February, 2003. The Lancet, 362(9393), 1353-1358.
Saad Zafar, Hafiz Muhammad Asmar Naeem, Kainat Gull, Muhammad Sufyan Khalid, Sana Amin, Maria Kanwal, Muhammad Adil Shabbir, Muhammad Farhan Sarwar, Bisma Zafar, Ujalla Tanveer (2020), A three months later study of COVID-19 in Pakistan; A systematic review; IJB, V17, N6, December, P189-201
https://innspub.net/a-three-months-later-study-of-covid-19-in-pakistan-a-systematic-review/
Copyright © 2020
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0