Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasal and throat carriage among food handlers at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria
Paper Details
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasal and throat carriage among food handlers at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria
Abstract
The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among healthy food handlers at the students’ cafeteria at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria was investigated. Nasal and throat swab samples were obtained from 54 food handlers, and analysed using standard microbiological methods. A total of 28 (51.9%) food handlers were positive for S. aureus. Twenty one of the food handlers (38.9%) harbor S. aureus in their nostrils, 11 (20.4%) in their throat, while 6(11.1%) harbor it in both their nostrils and throats. The exclusive colonization of the throat (20.4%) of the studied food handlers, demonstrated the importance of the throat as a site of colonization for S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates shows that all the isolated S. aureus were susceptible to nitrofurantoin and cefuroxime, but resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimazole. The isolates were also 25%, 28.6% and 35.7% susceptible to ampicillin, amoxycillin and erythromycin, respectively. This study has further shown the need for routine regular screening of food handlers for both nasal and throat carriage of S. aureus so as to detect early and treat carriers in order to protect the general public from staphylococcal food poisoning. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolated from the healthy food handlers is of great public health concern, as it shows a growing problem of antimicrobial resistance in the community. This study thus, recommends an urgent formulation of a national policy on antibiotics by the Nigerian government for regulation and management of antibiotics use.
Abulreesh HH, Organji SR. 2011. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci in food and the environment of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Research Journal of Microbiology 6, 510-523.
Acco M, Ferreira FS, Henriques JAP, Tondo EC. 2003. Identification of multiple strains of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing nasal mucosa of food handlers. Journal of Food Microbiology 20, 489-493.
Appelbaum PC. 2007. Reduced glycopeptides susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 30, 398-408.
Atif A, Tariq Z, Aiman M. 2006. Bacteriological and Serological Survey of Infectious Diseases among Food Handlers in Makkah. Annals of Saudi medicine 26, 141- 144.
Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turch M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standard single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 45, 493-496.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2007. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; fifteenth informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne PA.
Cole AM, Tahk S, Oren A, Yoshioka D, Kim Y, Park A, Ganz T. 2001. Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 8, 1064-1069.
Colombari V, Mayer MD, Laicini ZM, Mamizuka E, Franco BD, Destro MT, Landgrave M. 2007. Foodborne outbreak caused by Staphylococcus aureus: phenotypic and genotypic characterization of strains of food and human sources. Journal of Food Protection 70, 489-493.
Dagnew M, Tiruneh M, Moges F, Tekeste Z. 2012. Survey of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and intestinal parasites among food handlers working at Gondar University, Northwest Ethiopia. Biomed central Public Health 12, 1471-2458.
David MD, Kearus AM, Gossain S, Ganner M, Holmes A. 2006. Community–associated methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus: nosocomial transmission in a neonatal unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 64, 244-250.
Figueroa G, Navarrete P, Caro M, Troncoso M, Faundez G. 2002. Carriage of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in Food Handlers. Revista Medica de Chile 130, 859-864.
Hamdan-Partida A, Sainz-Espun˜es T, Bustos-Martínez J. 2010. Characterization and persistence of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares and throats of healthy carriers in a Mexican community. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, 1701-1705.
Hotu B, Ellenbogen C, Hayden MK, Aroutcheva A, Rice TW, Weinstein RA. 2007. Community–associated methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections at a public hospital: do public housing and incarceration amplify transmission? Archives of Internal Medicine 167, 1026-1033.
Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. 1997. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10, 505520.
Koziol-Montewka M, Szczepanok A, Baranowicz I, Joewiak L, Ksiazek A, Kaczor D. 2006. The investigation of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal nasal carriage among patients undergoing haemogialysis. Microbiological Research 161, 281-287.
Kuehnert MJ, Deanna K, Hill HA. 2006. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization in the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases 193, 172-179.
Lowry FD. 1998. Staphylococcus aureus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 339, 520-532.
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, 607-625.
Mertz D, Frei R, Jaussi B, Tietz A, Stebler C, Fluckinger U, Widmer AF. 2007. Throat swabs are necessary to reliably detect carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45, 475-477.
Meurman O, Routamaa M, Peltonen R. 2005. Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: which anatomical sites to culture? Journal of Hospital Infection 61, 351-353.
Nilsson P, Ripa T. 2006. Staphylococcus aureus throat colonization is more frequent than colonization in the anterior nares. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44, 3334-3339.
Olayemi OJ, Olayinka BO, Musa AI. 2010. Evaluation of antibiotic self-Medication Pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (Main Campus), Zaria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2, 35-38.
Peacock SJ, de Silva I, Lowy FD. 2001. What determines nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus? Trends in Microbiology 9, 605-610.
Quinn GA, Cole AM. 2007. Suppression of innate immunity by a nasal carriage strain of Staphylococcus aureus increases its colonization on nasal epithelium. Immunology 122, 80-9.
Sampathukumar P. 2007. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: The latest Health Scare. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, 1403-1467.
Sapkota AR, Coker ME, Rosenberg Goldstein RE, Atkinson NL, Sweet SJ, Sopeju PO, Ojo MT, Otivhia E, Ayepola OO, Olajuyigbe OO. 2010. Self-medication with antibiotics for the treatment of menstrual symptoms in Southwest Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Biomed central Public Health 10, 610. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-610.
Small H, Casey AL, Elliott TSJ, Rollason J, Ball S. 2007. The oral cavity an overlooked site for MRSA screening and subsequent decolonization therapy? Journal of Infection 55, 378-383.
Udo EE, Al-Mufti S, Albert MJ. 2009. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and carriage of virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handlers in Kuwait city restaurants. Biomed central Research Notes 2, 108.
Uemura E, Kakinohana S, Higa N, Toma C, Nakasone N. 2004. Comparative characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Throats and Nose of Healthy Volunteers. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 57, 21-24.
Widmer AF, Mertz D, Frei R. 2008. Necessity of screening of both the nose and the throat to detect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients upon admission to an intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46, 835.
Wolde T, Abate M, Mehari L. 2016. Prevalence and antibiotics resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among food handlers of Jigjiga University student’s cafeteria, International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering Technology 2, 38-41.
Emeakaroha, Maryjane Chioma, Nkwocha, Ihuoma Gertrude, Adieze, Nchekwube Chibuzo, Adieze, Ifechukwu E (2017), Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasal and throat carriage among food handlers at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria; IJBB, V6, N3, August, P1-7
https://innspub.net/antimicrobial-susceptibility-pattern-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-their-nasal-and-throat-carriage-among-food-handlers-at-the-federal-university-of-technology-owerri-nigeria/
Copyright © 2017
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0