Assessment of Water Quality of River Bashgal

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/06/2016
Views (428) Download (33)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Assessment of Water Quality of River Bashgal

Shahid Ahmad, Shaheen Shah, Fathul Bari, Kausar Saeed, Naveed Akhtar
J. Bio. Env. Sci.8( 6), 14-25, June 2016.
Certificate: JBES 2016 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

The Bashgal Valley is a geographical feature ofNuristan, province of Afghanistan, formed by the Bashgal River, which empties into the Kunar river at Arundu and Bagalgrom. River Bashgal is also called ‘’LANDAI SIN’’ Which is bordered with Pakistan from district Chitral side. During the present study From February to July 2012the following water quality parameters of River Bashgal were studied. Water quality of River Bashgal was studied from February to March 2012. The River Bashgal was divided into 3 stations. These were Luluk, Baghicha and Arandu.The water quality parameters recorded between the following minimum and maximum values PH(PH6.1 to PH8.5), Hardness (233mg/l to 304mg/l), Conductivity (90 µS/cm to 160 µS/cm), Alkalinity (40mg/l to 76mg/l), Sodium (2.3mg/l to 8.5mg/l), Potassium (1.8 mg/l to 2.9 mg/l), Chloride (12mg/l to 70 mg/l), Sulfate (7 mg/l to 39 mg/l), TSS (3 mg/l to 19 mg/l), TDS (70 mg/l to 172 mg/l). Ammonia could not be detected. All the studied parameters like pH, Conductance, TDS, TSS, Alkalinity, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfate, Ammonia, hardness and Chloride were within the tolerable range and the water was found safe for drinking during the study period.

VIEWS 16

Ahmad MM, Azam M, Saboor A. 2010. Water quality status of upper KPK and Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Ali SS. 1992. An introduction to freshwater to fishery biology.University Grants Comission H 9 Islamabad, Pakistan.

Bartram J, Balance R. 1996. Water quality monitoring – A practical guide to the design and implementation of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes. Published on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization.

Boustani F, Hosein M, Hashemi M. 2011. Evaluation of water quality of the Beshar River. CLEMENTS, F. LUDWIG, W., 2003 Conflict in Afghanistan. Academic Edition: Illustrated published by ABC-CL10, 2003 page 139.

Boyd CE. 2000.  Water  quality:  An  introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, MA, USA.

Brady NC, Weil RR. 1996. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 11th Edition, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

Brown LR, Gray RH, Hughes RM, Meador MR. 2005. Introduction to effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems. American Fisheries Society Symposium 47, 1 – 8.

Caruso JA, Klaue B, Michalke B, Rocked DM. 2003. Group assessment: Elemental speciation. Special Issue on Methodologies for Assessing Exposures to Metals: speciation, bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the environment, food and feed. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56, 32- 44.

Charlesworth SM, Lees JA. 1999. The transport of particulate-associated heavy metals from source to deposit in the urban environment, Coventry, UK. Science of the Total Environment 235, 351-353.

Colman JA, Sanzolone RF. 1992. Geochemical characterization of streambed sediment in the upper Illinois river basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28, 933 – 950.

Crawshaw LI. 1997. Responses to rapid temperature change in vertebrate ectotherms. Am. Zool; 19, 225-237.

Devlin EW. 2006. Acute toxicity, uptake and histopathology of aqueous Methyl Mercury to Fathead minnow Embryos. Ecotoxicology, 15, 97-110.

EPA. 2000. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Quality Standards for Municipal and Liquid industrial effluents.

Gleick PH. 1996. Water resources. In Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, ed. by S. H. Schneider, Oxford University Press, New York, 2, 817-823.

Gleick PH, Burns WCG, Chalecki EL, Cohen M. 2002. The World’s Water 2002- 2003: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, Published by Island Press, Washington DC, USA.

Gupta AK, Anderson DM, Pandey DN, Singhvi AK. 2006. Adaptation and human migration, and evidence of agriculture coincident with changes in the Indian summer monsoon during the Holocene. Current Science, 90, 1082- 1090.

Hinrichsen D, Robey B, Upadhyay UD. 1998. Solutions for a Water-Short World. Population Reports, Series M, No. 14. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, Baltimore, USA.

Jackson RB, Carpenter SR, Dahm CN, McKnight DM, Naiman RJ, Postel SL, Running SW. 2001. Water in a Changing World. Ecological Applications, 11, 1027- 1045.

Lytle DA, Peckarsky BL. 2001. Spatial and temporal impacts of a diesel fuel spill on stream invertebrates. Freshwater Biology, 46, 693 – 704.

Majagi SH, Vijaykumar K, Vasanthkaumar B. 2007. Concentration of heavy metals in Karanja reservoir, Bidar district, Karnataka, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 138, 273 – 279.

MEADE JW. 1989. Aquaculture Management New York. Van NostrandReinold.

Meybeck M, Chapman DV, Helmer R. 1989 Global Freshwater Quality: A First Assessment. Oxford: Blackwell Reference. Published on behalf of the World Health Organizationand the United Nations Environmental Programme.

Miller GT. 2002. Living in the Environment: principles, connections and solutions, 6th edn. Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning, USA.

Morrison GM, Revitt DM, Ellis JB. 1990. Metal speciation in separate storm water systems. Water Science and Technology 22, 53 – 60.

Pandey S. 2006. Water pollution and health, review article. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 4: 128 – 134.

Plafkin JL, Barbour MT, Porter KD, Gross SK, Hughes RM. 1989. Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: Benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Environmental Protection Agency EPA/440/4- 89/001. Washington DC, USA.

Rasmussen JB, Gunn JM, Sherwood GD, Iles A, Gagnon A, Campbell PGC, Hontela A. 2008. Direct and indirect (foodweb mediated) effects of metal exposure on the growth of yellow perch (Percaflavescens): Implications for ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 14, 317- 350.

Schoonover JE, Lockaby BG, Pan S. 2005. Changes in chemical and physical properties of stream water across an urban-rural gradient in western Georgia. Urban Ecosystems 8, 107 – 124.

Schuurmann G, Markert B. 1998. Ecotoxicology, Ecological Fundamentals, Chemical Exposure, and Biological Effects. John Wiley & Sons Inc. and SpektrumAkademischerVerlag, Germany.

Scott MC, Helfman GS, Mctammany ME, Benfield EF, Bolstad PV. 2002. Multiscale influences on physical and chemical stream conditions across Blue Ridge Landscapes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38, 1372 – 1392.

Selin NE, Selin H. 2006. Global Politics of Mercury Pollution: The Need for Multi- Scale Governance. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 15, 258 – 269.

Singh A, Ghosh S, Pankaj S. 2007. Water quality management of a stretch of river Yamuna: An interactive fuzzy multi-objective approach. Water Resources Management 21, 515 – 532.

USEPA. 1999. Guidance for assessing chemical contaminant data for use in fish advisories. Vol.2. Risk assessment and fish consumption limits, 3rd edition EPA Washington, DC.

Wepener VJ, Van Vuren HJ, Du Preez HH. 2001. Uptake and distribution of a copper, iron and zinc mixture in gill, liver and plasma of a freshwater teleost, Tilapia sparrmanii. Water SA, 27, 99- 108.

WHO. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. WHO Press,World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.

Wichelns D, Oster JD. 2006. Sustainable irrigation is necessary and achievable, but direct costs and environmental impacts can be substantial. Agricultural Water Management 86, 114-127.

Wilson MA, Carpenter SR. 1999. Economic Valuation of Freshwater Ecosystem Services in the United States: 1971-1997. Ecological Applications, 9, 772 – 783.

Wright DA, Welbourn P. 2002. Environmental toxicology, Cambridge environmental chemistry series 11, University press, Cambridge, UK.