Biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri; A major impediment to Citrus orchards
Paper Details
Biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri; A major impediment to Citrus orchards
Abstract
Citrus is a significant crop playing an important role in Pakistan’s economy. However, its production is under constant threat by numerous pathogens resulting in considerable economic losses. Bacterial canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is a major limiting factor in the successful production of citrus. Isolates of the pathogen were collected from infected citrus orchard of Bahawalpur region. Bacterial pathogen was characterized by morphological evaluation, pathogenicity and biochemical tests including gram staining, catalase test, KOH test, simmons citerate test, starch hydrolysis test, methyl red and voges proskauer test, gelatin liquefaction test, casein hydrolysis test, kovacs’s oxidase test, nitrate reduction test and tween 80 hydrolysis test were performed which confirmed that citrus canker is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri.
Agrios G. 2005. Plant pathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego.
Akhtar MA, Bhatti MHR, Aslam M. 1996. Characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv, citri strains. Pak. J. Phytopathol 8(1), 5-10.
Burhan M, Sahi ST, Ahmad S. 2007. Screening of citrus cultivars for source of resistance against citrus canker under field conditions. Pak. J. Bot 39, 1867-1871.
Civerolo EL. 1984. Bacterial canker disease of citrus. An overview. Proc. Int. Soc. Citric 390-394.
Cowan ST. 1974. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain 238.
Das AK. 2003. Citrus canker- A Review. J. Appl. Hort 5(1), 52-60.
Fahy PC, Persley GJ. 1983. Plant bacterial disease: A diagnostic guide. Academic Press, Syndey 393.
FAO. 2017. Food and Agriculture Organization. www.fao.org.
Gotwald TR, Hughes G, Graham JH, Sun X, Riley T. 2001. The citrus canker epidemic in Florida: the scientific basis of regulatory eradication policy for an invasive species. Phytopath 91(1), 30-34.
Graham JH, Gottwald TR, Riley TD, Achor D. 1992. Penetration through leaf stomata and strains of Xanthomonas campestris in citrus cultivars varying in susceptibility to bacterial diseases. Phytopathology 82, 1319-1325.
Grahm JH, Gottwald TR. 1991. Research perspective on eradication off citrus bacterial canker disease in Florida. Plant disease 75, 1193-1200.
Khalid H, Khalid N, Abdul M, Ikram-ul-Haq Feng Lin, Kazim A, Shahid A, Khan F, Abdul G, Ghulam R. 2010. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri pathotypes. African Journal of Biotechnology 9(54), 9092-9095.
Khan MM, Khan MA, Inam-ul-Haq M, Ahmad R, Aziz I. 1992. Incidence of citrus canker caused by X. campestris pv. citri orchard in Faisalabad District. In: Proceed. 1st Inter. sem. Citri culture in Pakistan. Dec. 2-5. University of Agriculture Faisalabad. pp. 311-314.
Kovac N. 1956. Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by oxidase reaction. Nature 4, 535-703.
Lelliott RA, Stead DE. 1987. Methods for the diagnosis of bacterial disease of plants.
Ryu E. 1940. A simple method of differentiation between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms without staining. Kitasa to Archives of Experimental Medicine 17, 58-63.
Sahi TS, Usman M, Alzal M, Rashed A, Habib A. 2007. Pak. J. Bot 39(4), 1319-1327.
Sierra G. 1957. A simple method for the detection of lipolytic activity of microorganism and some observations on the influence of contact between cells and fatty substrates. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 23, 15-22.
Simmons. 1926. J. Infect. Dis 39, 209.
Singh S. 2001. Citrus industry of India. In: Citrus, S, Singh., and S.A.M.H. Naqvi., (Eds). International Book distributing Co. Lucknow, India pp. 3-41.
Vernière C, Hartung JS, Pruvost OP, Civerolo EL, Alvarez AM, Maestri P, Luisetti J. 1998. Characterization of phenotypically distinct strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri from Southwest Asia. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol 104, 477-487.
Whiteside JO, Garney SM, Timmer LW. 1988. Compendium of citrus diseases. The American Phytopathological Society.
Muhammad Farooq Haider, Zohaib Ahmad, Qaiser Shakeel, Shahbaz Shafiq, Shahid Ali Chand, Warda Modassar Saddiq, Muhammad Ammar Ahsan, Muhammad Abdul-Qadir Hassan Kharal, 2020. Biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri; A major impediment to Citrus orchards. Int. J. Biosci., 16(1), 349-354.
Copyright © 2020 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.