Characterization of Zoonotic Bacteria from Captive Crocodiles in Bangladesh
Paper Details
Characterization of Zoonotic Bacteria from Captive Crocodiles in Bangladesh
Abstract
An attempt was undertaken to characterize the bacterial flora of saltwater crocodiles reared on a commercial farm at Valuka, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Swab samples (n=60) comprised of the oral swab (n=20), nasal swab (n=20) and cloacal swab (n=20) were collected from apparently healthy farm-raised crocodiles. Samples were cultured into various selective media to isolate bacteria. Characterization of the isolated bacteria was performed by studying the cultural, staining, biochemical properties followed by polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria were investigated against eight commonly used antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. A total of 135 bacterial isolates belonged to 5 genera such as Escherichia (22%), Salmonella (22%), Staphylococcus (21%), Bacillus (16%) and Vibrio (19%) were identified. A genus-specific PCR targeting 16s rRNA gene successfully identified Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. In PCR assay, 11 of 30 (36.67%) E. coli isolates were found positive for stx1 and stx2 genes and 4 of 30 (13.33%) isolates were found positive for and hly gene. Five isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were found positive with nuc gene, indicating these were pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Multidrug resistance profile was observed in E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. The results of this study indicate that captive crocodiles in the farm harbor multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria, which may produce infection in crocodiles and might cause health problems if transmitted to a human.
Andrews JM, Wise R. 2002. Susceptibility testing of Bacillus species. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49(6), 1040-1042.
Ashikuzzaman M, Shahriyar S, Lijon MB, Rahman MA, Hassan MM. 2015. An investigation on heavy metal tolerance properties of bacteria isolated from textile effluent. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 7(6), 62-71.
Caldicott DG, Croser D, Manolis C, Webb G, Britton A. 2005. Crocodile attack in Australia: an analysis of its incidence and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 16, 143-159.
Charruau P, Pérez-Flores J, Pérez-Juárez JG, Cedeño-Vázquez JR, Rosas-Carmona R. 2012. Oral and cloacal micro flora of wild crocodiles Crocodylusacutus and C. moreletii in the Mexican Caribbean. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 98(1), 27-39.
Chinnadurai SK, DeVoe RS. 2009. Selected infectious diseases of reptile. Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice 12(3), 583-596.
Cockerill FR, CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). 2012. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement. CLSI document M1000-S22. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Wayne, Pennsylvania 32, 3.
Cohen ND, Neibergs HL, McGruder ED, Whitford HW, Behle RW. 1993. Genus-specific detection of Salmonella using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5(3), 368-371.
Erickson GM, Lappin AK, Vliet KA. 2003. The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Zoology 260, 317−327.
Faruq AA, Hassan MM, Uddin MM, Rahman ML, Rakib TM. 2016. Prevalence and multidrug resistance pattern of Salmonella isolated from resident wild birds of Bangladesh. International Journal of One Health 2, 35-41.
Garcia ME, Lanzarot P, Costas E, Rodas VL, Marín M. 2008. Isolation of Serratiafonticola from skin lesions in a Nile crocodile (Crocodylusniloticus) with an associated septicemia. Veterinary Journal 176 (2), 254−256.
Hasan B, Faruque R, Drobni M, Waldenström J, Sadique A. 2011. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli from large-and small-scale poultry farms in Bangladesh. Avian Diseases 55(4), 689-692.
Hemraj V, Diksha S, Avneet G. 2013. A review on commonly used biochemical tests for bacteria. Innovare Journal of Life Science 1(1), 1-7.
Heuvelink AE, Van De Kar NCAJ, Meis JFGM, Monnens LAH, Melchers WJG. 1995. Characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 isolates from patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Western Europe. Epidemiology and Infection 115(1), 1-14.
Hossain MS, Jaman MF, Ahmed M, Rahman MM, Rahman MS. 2012. High hatching success of saltwater crocodile (Crocodylusporosus) in a commercial Crocodile Farm of Bangladesh. University Journal of Zoology Rajshahi University 31, 35-38.
Huchzermeyer FW. 1997. Public health risks of ostrich and crocodile meat. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 16(2), 599-604.
Islam MA, Kabir SML, Rahman MT. 2016. Molecular detection and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk sold in different markets of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 14(2), 277-282.
Johnston MA, Porter DE, Rhodes GI, Webster LF. 2010. Isolation of faecal coliform bacteria from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Applied Microbiology 108, 965−973.
Kalorey DR, Shanmugam Y, Kurkure NV, Chousalkar KK, Barbuddhe SB. 2007. PCR-based detection of genes encoding virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis cases. Journal of Veterinary Science 8(2), 151-154.
Lane TJ, Ruppert KC. 1997. Alternative opportunities for small farms: alligator production review. Fact Sheet RF-AC 2.
Lijon MB, Khatun MM, Islam A, Khatun MM, Islam MA. 2015. Detection of multidrug resistance Aeromonas hydrophila in farm raised fresh water prawns. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 2(4), 469-474.
Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME. 2012. Multidrug‐resistant, extensively drug‐resistant and pan drug‐resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18(3), 268-281.
Magnino S, Colin P, Dei-Cas E, Madsen M, McLauchlin J. 2009. Biological risks associated with consumption of reptile products. International Journal of Food Microbiology 134(3), 163-175.
Narayana S, Metz LI Kowalski TJ. 2008. African tick bites fever and crocodile meat-associated salmonellosis coinfection in a returning traveler. Gundersen Medical Journal 5, 17-18.
Paton AW, Paton JC. 1998. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli by using multiplex PCR assays for stx1, stx2, eaeA, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, rfbO111, and rfbO157. The Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36(2), 598-602.
Rall VLM, Vieira FP, Rall R, Vieitis RL, Fernandes Jr A. 2008. PCR detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw and pasteurized milk. Veterinary Microbiology 132(3-4), 408-413.
Schippa S, Iebba V, Barbato M, Nardo GD, Totino V. 2010. A distinctive microbial signature in celiac pediatric patients. BMC Microbiology 10(1), 175-185.
Seidavi A, Mirhosseini SZ, Shivazad M, Chamani M, Sadeghi AA. 2010. Detection and investigation of Escherichia coli in contents of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of broilers at different ages by PCR. Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 18, 321-326.
Stuhlmeier R, Stuhlmeier KM. 2003. Fast, simultaneous and sensitive detection of staphylococci. Journal of clinical pathology 56(10), 782-785.
Sultana S, Chowdhury EH, Parvin R, Saha SS, Rahman SM. 2012. Escherichia coli septicemia concurrent with mycotic infection in captive salt water crocodiles in Bangladesh. Korean Journal of Veterinary Service 35(1), 47-52.
Tosun DD. 2013. Crocodile farming and its present state in global aquaculture. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com 7(1), 43-57.
Uddin MA, Ullah MW, Noor R. 2012. Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in human, poultry, animal excreta and compost samples. Stamford Journal of Microbiology 2(1), 38-41.
Wieler LH, Tigges M, Ebel F, Schäferkordt S, Djafari S. 1996. The enterohemolysin phenotype of bovine Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (SLTEC) is encoded by the EHEC-hemolysin gene. Veterinary Microbiology 52(1-2), 153-164.
Ariful Islam, Md. Bakhtiar Lijon, Md. Mahadee Hasan, Abu Syem Muhammad Arif, Mahbubul Pratik Siddique, Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain , Md. Ariful Islam (2021), Characterization of Zoonotic Bacteria from Captive Crocodiles in Bangladesh; IJB, V19, N2, August, P139-152
https://innspub.net/characterization-of-zoonotic-bacteria-from-captive-crocodiles-in-bangladesh/
Copyright © 2021
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0