Children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with parental socio-economic status in Lahore Pakistan
Paper Details
Children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with parental socio-economic status in Lahore Pakistan
Abstract
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is a widespread pollutant despite the growing awareness of its adverse effects on human health. The present study examined the factors associated with children’s (aged 8–13 years) Tobacco Smoke (TS) exposure living under different socio-economic conditions in Lahore, Pakistan through a semi-structured questionnaire. Urine and saliva samples were collected from exposed and non-exposed children, and cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC flow rate was 1mg/ml and the retention time of cotinine was found to be 3.4 min. A total of 300 children were interviewed; out of which, 81.3% were living with an active smoker. In children exposed to TS, redness of eyes 55.7%, cough 68%, running nose 62.3%, wheezing 24.7% and chest tightness 16% were found as the symptoms of Respiratory tract infections (RTI). Cotinine was found in urine samples range 158 to191 ng/ml as compared to saliva with a range of 142 to 191 ng/ml. No significant difference was found in the cotinine levels among children of different SECs. Results of the study showed that children’s exposure to ETS remains a major public health concern, requiring immediate steps to control this menace.
Annesi-Maesano I, Zhou C, Baiz N, Banerjee S, Andre Charpin D, Caillaud D, de Blay F, Raherison C, Lavaud F. 2013. Externalizing and internalizing behavioural problems related to asthma in school children. Allergy 68(11), 1471–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12241.
Avila-Tang E, Elf JL, Cummings KM, Fong GT, Hovell MF, Klein JD, McMillen R, Winickoff JP, Samet JM. 2013. Assessing secondhand smoke exposure with reported measures. Tobacco Control 22, 156–63. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011050296.
Bogdanovica I, Szatkowski L, Britton J, McNeill A. 2014. Smoking in cars in England: a study of school students in an English city. BMC Public Health 14, 559. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-559
Caldwell AL, Tingen MS, Nguyen JT, Andrews JO, Heath J, Waller JL, Treiber FA. 2018. Parental Smoking Cessation: Impacting Children’s Tobacco Smoke Exposure in the Home. Pediatrics 141(1), 96-106.
Chastang J, Baïz N, Cadwalladder JS, Robert S, Dywer J. 2015. Postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure related to behavioral problems in children. PloS one 10(8), 0133604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133604
Herman T, Sonnenschein-van der Voort AM, de Jongste JC, Reiss IK, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Duijts L. 2015. Tobacco smoke exposure, airway resistance, and asthma in school-age children: the generation R study. Chest 148(3), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-1520
Hutchinson SG, Van Schayck CP, Muris JW, Feron FJ, Dompeling E. 2018. Recruiting families for an intervention study to prevent second-hand smoke exposure in children. BMC pediatrics 18(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-0983-4
Klepeis NE, Bellettiere J, Hughes SC, Nguyen B, Berardi V, Liles S, Obayashi, S, Hofstetter CR, Blumberg E, Hovell MF. 2017. Fine particles in homes of predominantly low-income families with children and smokers: Key physical and behavioral determinants to inform indoor-air-quality interventions. PloS one 12(5), 0177718. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177718
Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Matt GE. 2018. Preliminary evidence that high levels of nicotine on children’s hands may contribute to overall tobacco smoke exposure. Tobacco control 27(2), 217-219. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016053602
Nanninga S, Lhachimi SK, Bolte G. 2018. Impact of public smoking bans on children’s exposure to tobacco smoke at home: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC public health 18(1), 749. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5679-z
Oberg M, Jaakkola S, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A. 2011. Worldwide burden of disease from expo-sure to second-hand smoke: A retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. The Lancet 377, 139–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(10)61388-8
Pérez-Ríos M, Santiago-Pérez MI, Malvar A, García MJ, Seoane B, Suanzes J, Hervada X. 2014. Impact of the Spanish smoking laws on the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in Galicia (2005-2011). Gaceta Sanitaria 28(1), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.04.010
Peterson LA, Hecht SS. 2017. Tobacco, e-cigarettes, and child health. Current opinion in pediatrics 29(2), 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000456
PMRCI. 1999. Pakistan Health Education Survey. – Network Publication Service. Accessed on December 10, 2015. http://phrc.org.pk/national.surveys.html.
Quinto KB, Kit BK, Lukacs SL, Akinbami LJ. 2013. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children aged 3–19 years with and without asthma in the United States, 1999–2010. NCHS data brief 126, 1-8.
Seyidov TH, Elemen L, Solak M, Tugay M, Toker K. 2011. Passive smoke exposure is associated with perioperative adverse effects in children. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 23, 47-52.
Shah S, Kanaan M, Huque R, Sheikh A, Dogar O, Thomson H, Parrott S, Siddiqi K. 2019. Secondhand smoke exposure in primary school children: a survey in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 21(4), 416-423. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx248.
Simsek E, Karaman Y, Gonullu M, Tekgul Z, Cakmak M. 2016. The effect of passive exposure to tobacco smoke on perioperative respiratory complications and the duration of recovery. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology 66(5), 492-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2015.03.003
Song L, Davis W, Abrams SM, Hemiup J, Kazim AL. 2005. Sensitive and rapid method for the determination of urinary cotinine in nonsmokers: an application for studies assessing exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Analytica Chimica Acta 545, 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.051
Stosic L, Dragana N, Nikolic M, Milutinovic S, Stankovi A. 2006. Determination of environmental tobacco smoking in school children with urine cotinine measurements. Medicine and Biology 13(2), 119 – 122.
Tsalkidis A, Cassimos D, Gardikis S, Spathopoulos D. 2008. Effect of Passive Smoking on Lung Function Chatzimicael and Respiratory Infection. – The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 75, 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-008-0034-5.
Tütüncü A, Dilmen O, Utku T, Erbabacan E, Ekici B. 2012. The effects of passive smoking on COHb, PaO2and PaCO2levels F and postoperative respiratory complications in children undergoing general anesthesia. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics 47, 204-918.
USEPA. 1992. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders. – Office of Research and Development. US Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-09/documents/passive_smoke.pdf
Vanker A, Gie RP, Zar HJ. 2018. Early-life exposures to environmental tobacco smoke and indoor air pollution in the Drakenstein Child Health Study: Impact on child health. South African Medical Journal 108(2), 71-72. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2018.v108i2.13088
WHO. 2010. Children’s Health and the Environment: WHO Training Package for the Health Sector. Pesticide Module. 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: Accessed on February 10, 2016. World Health Organization. -https://www.who.int/ceh/publications/ceh_annualreport_2011.pdf
WHO. 2015. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2015: Raising taxes on tobacco. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. -https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/en/
Laila Shahzad, Ejaz Hussain Qureshi, Amin U Khan, Hamid Mukhtar, Faiza Sharif, Muhammad Umar Hayyat, Asma Mansoor, 2021. Children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its association with parental socio-economic status in Lahore Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci., 18(3), 30-38.
Copyright © 2021 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.