Deterended correspondence analysis of vegetation in district tor ghar, Westrn Himalaya
Paper Details
Deterended correspondence analysis of vegetation in district tor ghar, Westrn Himalaya
Abstract
District Tor Ghar is phytosocilogically unexplored region in the western Himalaya. Field survey was carried out during the summers of 2012 and 2013 to study floristic diversity in the region. The vegetation data collected from whole district was analyzed using DECORANA, computer programs. Species abundance data were used in CANOCO version 4.5 for DCA. Deterended correspondence analysis (DCA) identified three vegetation zones in the study area on the basis of ecological amplitude. The results were interpreted with major environmental gradients. Ordination of the site and species for herbs, shrubs and trees reported from study area by DCA indicated that the 1st two axes showed best correlation and eigenvalues from 3rd and 4rth axes revealed less representation. The distribution of plant species on DCA axis 1 indicated that altitude was the main gradient affecting the distribution of most of the plant species. Some species showed no correlation with other plants which was indication of specific locality. The Ordination diagram revealed that the plants of habitats located at the left side of the DCA diagram representing humid subtropical habitat which were more influenced by anthropogenic disturbances. The plant species located at right side of the ordination diagram showing moist temperate and sub alpine habitats. The results of the present research also revealed that elevation, temperature and slope were the main factor affecting the distribution of plant species. These results will be used as base line to study vegetation analysis in future with reference to different ecological conditions.
Ahmed M. 1986. Vegetation of some foothills of Himalayan Range of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 18(2), 261-269.
Ahmed M. 1976. Multivariate analysis of the vegetation around Skardu. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council 27, 177-187.
Ahmed M. 1988. Plant communities of some northern temperate forests of Pakistan. Pakistan journal of forestry 38(1), 33-40.
Ahmad S.S, Abbasi Q, Jabeen R, Shah MT. 2012. Decline of conifer forest cover in Pakistan: a gis approach. Pakistan Journal of Botany 44(2), 511-514.
Ahmad S.S, Wahid A, Akbar K F. 2010. Multivariate classification and data analysis of vegetation along motorway (M-2), Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42(2), 11731185.
Ahmed M, Hussain T, Sheikh AH, Hussain SS, Siddiqui MF. 2006. Phytosociology and Structure of Himalayan forests from different climatic zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 38(2), 361-383.
Ahmad K, Khan ZI, Ashraf M, Hussain M, Ibrahim M, Valeem EE. 2008. Status of plant diversity at Kufri (Soone valley) Punjab, Pakistan and Prevailing Threats Therein. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40(3), 993-997.
Afza R, Ahmad H, Saqib Z, Ali N, Khan J. 2016. Phytodiversity of Ayubia National Park Pakistan: Conservation and Management issues. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 8(2), 327-336.
AliSI Qaiser M. (eds). 1995-2005. Flora of Pakistan, Botany Department, University of Karachi.
Badshah L, Hussain F, Sher Z. 2013. Floristic inventory, Ecological Characteristics and Biological Spectrum of Rangeland, District Tank, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45(4), 1159-1168.
Brown JH, Lomolino MV. 1998. Biogeography. 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderlands, MA.
Champion GH, Seth SK, Khattack GM. 1965. Forest types of Pakistan. Forest Institute, Peshawar. 233p.
Chawla A, Rajkumar S, Singh KN, Lal B, Singh RD, Thukral AK. 2008. Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in western Himalaya. Journal of Mountain Science 5(2), 157-177.
Choudhary AA. 2001. Phyto-Sociological studies in Chhumbi Surla wildlife sanctuary, Chakwal, Pakistan II. Phytoecology. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 3(4), 369-374.
Choudhry MS, Batool Z, Khan AG. 2005. Preliminary assessment of plant community strycture and Arbuscular mycorrhizas in rangeland habitats of Cholistan desert, Pakistan. Mycorrhiza. 15(8), 606-611.
Cope TA. 1982. Poaceae, No. 143. In: E. Nasir and S. Ali (Eds), Flora of Pakistan. National Herbarium, Pakistan Agriculture Research council, Islamabad.
Gaston K. 2000. Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405, 220-227.
Gauch HG. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. University Press, Cambridge.
Givnish TJ. 1999. On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity. Journal of Ecology 876, 193-210.
Haq FU, Ahmad H, Alam M, Ahmad I, Ullah R. 2010. Species diversity of vascular plants of Nandiar Valley Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42(S.I.), 213-229.
Hill MO, Gauch HG. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis, an improved ordination technique. Journal of Vegetation Science42, 47-58.
Hill MO. 1979. DECORANA—a FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Hill MO. 1973. Reciprocal averaging: An eigenvector method of ordination. Journal of Ecology61, 237-249.
Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S. 2014. Floristic Composition and Ecological characteristics Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan, Pakistan. Global Journel of science frontier Research. 14(1) Version 1.
Jabeen T, Ahmed SS. 2009. Multivariate analysis of environmental and vegetation data of Ayub National Park Rawalpindi. Soil & Environment 28(2), 106-112.
Khan MA, Khan MA, Hussain M, Mujtaba G. 2014. Plant diversity and conservation status of Himalayan Region Poonch Valley Azad Kashmir (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 27(5), 1215-1239.
Khan SM, Harper DM, Page S, Ahmad H. 2011.Species and community diversity of vascular flora long environmental gradient in Naran Valley: Amultivariate approach through indicator species analysis. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43, 2337-2346.
Dolezol J, Srutek M. 2002. Altitudinal changes in composition and structure of mountain temperate: A case study from the western Carpathians. Springer Netherlands, 158, 201–21.
Khan SM, Page S, Ahmad H, Shaheen H, Harper D. 2012. Vegetation Dynamics in the Western Himalayas, Diversity Indices and Climate Change. Science, Technology and Development 31 (3), 232-243.
Komer C. 2000. Why are there global gradients in species richness? Mountains might hold the answer. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, 513-514.
Lomolino MV. 2001. Elevation gradients in species density: historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, 3-13.
Malik NZ, Arshad M, Mirza SN. 2007. Phytosociological attributes of different plant communities of Pir Chinasi Hills of Azad Jummu and Kashmir. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 9(4), 569–574.
Malik NZ, Malik ZH. 2004. Present status of subtropical chir pine vegetation of Kotli Hills, Azad Kashmir. Journal of Research (Science) 15, 85-90.
Malik ZH, Malik NZ, Bashir S, Gorsi MS. 2001. Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Dao Khan Hills. Journal of Science &technology 25, 35-41.
Malik ZH, Awan AA, Murtaza G, Hussain F. 1990. Phytosociology of Sundgali near Muzzafarabad Azad Kashmir. Journal of Science &technology 14, 111-116.
Malik ZH. 2005. Comparative study on the vegetation of Ganga Chotti Bedori Hills, District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir with special reference to Range condition. Ph. D Thesis, University of Peshawar.
Martin AC, Zim HS, Nelson AL. 1951. American wild life and plants: A guide to wild life food habitats. Dover Publications, New York.
Mehmood A, Shah AH, Khan SM, Shah AH, Ahmad H. 2014. Floristic Diversity of family Poaceae in District Tor Ghar ,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pharmacologyonline 3(SI), 42.
Mehmood A, Khan SM, Shah AH, Shah AH, Ahmad H. 2015. First floristic exploration of district Tor Ghar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47(SI), 57-70.
Mishra R. 1968. Ecology Work Book. Oxford & IBH, Calcutta.
Monsi M, Khan AH. 1960. Some ecological studies on the natural vegetation in Thal (West Pakistan), Soil symposium, 157168 p.
Nasir YJ, Rafique RA. 1995. Wild Flowers of Pakistan. T. J. Roberts, Oxford University Press, Karachi.
Qureshi R, Shaheen H, Ilyas M, Ahmed W, Munir M. 2014. Phytodiversity and plant life of Khanpur dam, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 46(3), 841-849.
Rahbek C. 1995. The elevational gradient of species richness- a uniform pattern. Ecography 18, 200-205.
Sagers LC, Lyon J. 1997. Gradient analysis in a riparian landscape: contrasts among forest layers, Forest Ecology and Management 96, 13-26.
Saima S, Dasti AA, Hussain F, WazirS M, Malik SA. 2009. Floristic compositions along an 18-km long transect in Ayubia National Park, district Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal Botany 41, 2115-2127.
Saima S, Dasti AA, Abbas Q, Hussain F. 2010. Floristic Diversity during monsoon in Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of Plant Sciences 16(1), 43-50.
Sakya SR, Bania AMS. 1998. Natural vegetation of Chandragiri region. Ecoprint 5, 51-5.
Shah AH, Mehmood A, Khan SM, Shah AH, Ahmad H. 2014. Wild Edible Fruits of District Tor Ghar, Western Himalaya of Pakistan. Pharmacologyonline 3(SI), 27.
Shah AH, Khan SM, Shah AH, Mehmood A, Rehman I, Ahmad H. 2015. Cultural Uses of plants among Basikhel tribe of district Tor Ghar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 47(SI), 17-35.
Shah M, Rozina. 2013. Phytosociological attributes and phytodiversity of Dheri baba hill and Peer Taab Graveyard, District Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakhtunkhwa Journal of Life Science 01(01), 1-16.
Sher Z, Khan Z. 2007. Floristic composition, life form and leaf size spectra of the vegetation of Chagarzai valley, District Buner. Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences 13(1), 57 – 66.
Stewart RR. 1972. An annotated catalogue of Vascular plants of West- Pakistan and Kashmir. Karachi: Fakhri Printing Press.
Takhtadzhian AL, Cronquist A. 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. University of California press, Berkeley, Calif. London.
Ter Braak CJF, Smilauer P. 2002. CANOCO reference manual and user‘s guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination. Ithaca, NY, US.
Ter Braak CJF. 1989. CANOCO – an extension of DECORANA to analyze species- environment relationships. Hydrobiologia 184, 169-170.
Ter Braak CJF. 1988. CANOCO-an extension of DECORANA to analyze species- environment relationships. Vegetation 75, 159-160.
Whittaker RH. 1965. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Numerical relations of species express the importance of competition in community function and evolution. Science 147, 250-260.
Willig MR, Kaufman DM, Stevens RD. 2003. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34, 273-309.
Zareen AS, Ahmad S, Sardar AA, Khan Z, Nawaz M. 2015. Multivariate analysis of the ecological data of natural vegetation of Lahore district. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 6(1), 69-76.
Azhar Mehmood, Abbas Hussain Shah, Azhar Hussain Shah, Shuja Ulmulk Khan, Habib Ahmad (2016), Deterended correspondence analysis of vegetation in district tor ghar, Westrn Himalaya; JBES, V9, N2, August, P1-16
https://innspub.net/deterended-correspondence-analysis-of-vegetation-in-district-tor-ghar-westrn-himalaya/
Copyright © 2016
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0