home icon user icon
Welcome to International Network for Natural Sciences | INNS Pub.
Home My Account
Submit Manuscript
double_slash
breadcumb_bg

Different causes of ear infection and its management

Paper Details

Review Paper 01/02/2020
Views (340) Download (23)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Different causes of ear infection and its management

Lalbibi Bashir Ahmed, Muhammad Kamran Taj, Saima Azam, Syeda Ayesha Ali, Ashiq Hussain, Zohra Samreen, Imran Taj, Bibi Sazian Aman, Sakina Khan, Saqiba Jogezai, Mehroz Rahim
J. Bio. Env. Sci.16( 2), 92-102, February 2020.
Certificate: JBES 2020 [Generate Certificate]
Key: AdenoidectomyAntibioticEarInfectionVaccination

Abstract

The causes and incidence of ear infection are different worldwide. The high incidence rate of ear infection is found in Asia Pacific, South Asia and African region. The major cause of ear infection is bacteria, virus and fungi. People with seasonal allergies may have a greater risk of getting ear infections when pollen counts are high. Air pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), harm the mucociliary function of the Eustachian tube and increases middle ear mucus secretion. The highest incidence of ear infection occurs between the age of 6-24 month and then decreases with advancing age. Use of cotton buds is a dangerous habit and has a strong association with neurodermatitis and contact dermatitis of the external ear. Ear nose and throat (ENT) infections have been reported among flood victims. The most recent effort to improve middle ear drug delivery has focused on optimizing peptide sequences that are actively transported across the tympanic membrane. To treat ear infection antibiotic therapy is required otherwise may become worse or may lead to deafness. However, when the patient suffering from ear infection comes to physician must consider the wide variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Severe illness or resistance to drug is caused by inappropriate antibiotic therapy. The ear infection should be treated earlier and properly to avoid further development of infection. The combination therapy is the most efficacious. Adenoidectomy is a procedure to remove the adenoids; these are glands at the back of the nose that help fight infections. However, if they become enlarged due to an infection, they can cause an earache and a build-up of fluid. For the control of ear infection preventative measures are important in limiting the impact of this disease.

VIEWS 25
Cover PDF

Abrahams SW, Labbok MH. 2011. Breastfeeding and otitis media: a review of recent evidence. Current and Allergy Asthma Report 11, 508-512.

Ahmad A, Usman J, Hashim R. 1999. Isolates from chronic suppurative otitis media and their antimicrobial sensitivity. Pak Armed Forces Medical Journal 49, 82-5.

Akhi MT, Ahmadian A, Nejadkazem M, Ramazanzadeh R. 2001. Study on an aerobic bacteria isolated from otitis externa and some predisposing factors. Tabriz Journal of Medicine 35, 5-10.

Anthwal N, Thompson H. 2016. The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear. Journal of Anatomy 228, 217-232.

Bluestone CD, Klein JO. 1990. Otitis Media, Atelectasis, and Eustachian tube Dysfunction. Pediatric Otolaryngology 3, 26-37.

Bowatte G, Lodge C, Lowe AJ, Erbas B, Perret J, Abramson MJ, Matheson M, Dharmage SC. 2015. The influence of childhood traffic-related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization.  A systematic review and a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies. Allergy 70, 245-2.

Brook I, Frazier E. 1996. Microbial dynamics of persistent purulent otitis media in children. Journal of Pediatrician 128, 237-240.

Brown CE, Magnuson B. 2000. On the physics of the infant feeding bottle and middle ear sequela: ear disease in infants can be associated with bottle feeding. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol 54, 13-2.

Byars SG, Stearns SC, Boomsma JJ. 2018. Association of long-term risk of respiratory, allergic, and infectious diseases with removal of adenoids and tonsils in childhood. JAMA Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery 144, 594-603.

Cheeseman MT, Tyrer HE, Williams D, Hough TA, Pathak P, Romero MR, Hilton H, Bali S, Parker A, Vizor L,  Purnell T, Vowell K, Wells S, Bhutta MF, Potter PK, Brown SD. 2011. IF-VEGF pathways are critical for chronic otitis media in Junbo and Jeff mouse mutants. Pols journal 10, 1371-1002336.

Damoiseaux RAMJ. 2005. Antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media time to think again. Canadian Medical Association Journal 172, 657-658.

Del–Mar C, Glasziou P, Havem M. 1997. Are antibiotics indicated as initial treatment for children with acute otitis media? A meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 14, 1526.

Enturia BH, Marcus MD, Lucente FE. 1980. Diseases of the External Ear-An Otologic-Dormatologic Manual 2, 29-45.

Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo E, Braunwald SL, Hauser JL, Loscalz J. 2008. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. Internal medicine of journal 38, 932.

Guyton CD. 1999. Textbook of Medical Physiology 9, 663-665.

Hariharan H, McPhee L, Heaney S, Bryenton J. 1995. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Candian Veterinary Journal 36, 166-168.

Harmes KM, Blackwood RA, Burrows HL, Cooke JM, Harrison RV, Passamani PP. 2013. Otitis media: Diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physician 88, 435-440.

Hobson JC, Javy JA. 2005. Use and abuse of cotton buds. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98, 360-367.

Jason A, Smith MD, Christophe J, Danner MD. 2006. Complications of Chronic Otitis Media and Cholesteatoma. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 39, 1237-1255.

Jones LL, Hassanien A, Cook DG, Britton J, Leonardi-Bee J. 2012. Parental smoking and the risk of middle ear disease in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of pediatrics and Adolesent medicine 166, 18-27.

Justin Chan, Sharat Raju, Rajalakshmi, Nandakumara, Randall Bly, Shyamnath Gollakota. 2019. Detecting middle ear fluid using smartphones. Science Translational Medicine 11, 10-101.

Kathleen Daly, Lisa L, Hunter G, Scott Giebink. 1999. Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion. Pedritic in review 20.

Klein JO. 2015. Otitis externa, otitis media, and mastoiditis. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 8, 767-773.

Kochak Alavi-S-K, Irajian GH, Beheshti AS, Bineshian F, Hajighorbani AH. 2004. The freguency of bacterial agents in otitis externa from Semnan seneitivity test. Semnan Journal of Medicine Science 6(2), 135-990.

Kondo H, Seo N, Yasuda T, Hasizume M, Koido Y, Ninomiya N. 2002. Post-flood–infectious diseases in Mozambique. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, 126-133.

Koopman Laura, Greet J MG, Heijden Vander, Grobbee E Diederick, Rovers Moroeska M. 2008. Antibiotic therapy to prevent the development of acute otitis media in children.  American Journal of Epidemiology 167, 540-545.

Koufman JA. 1990. Core Otolaryngology. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia 69-84.

Kurabi A, Schaerer D, Chang, L, Pak, K, Ryan AF. 2018. Optimisation of peptides that actively cross the tympanic membrane by random amino acid extension: a phage display study. Journal of Drug Target 26, 127-1.

Labbok MH, Clark D, Goldman, AS. 2004. Breastfeeding: maintaining an irreplaceable immunological resource. Nature Reviews Immunology 4, 565-72.

Laza Cristina, Enciu Eugena. 2019.Gaint Congenital Cholesteatoma of the Temporal Bone. Global journal of Otolaryngology 18.

Lino Y, Kakizaki K, Katano H, Saigusa H, Kanegasaki S. 2005. Eosinophil chemoattractant in middle ear patients with eosinophilic otitis media. Clinical & Experimental Allergys 35, 2.

Loock JW, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jone NS, Lund VJ, Luxon LM, Watkinson JC. 2008. Scot-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology: headneck surgery.  Journal of Medicine Science 2, 3358-3361

Mahdavi S, Jalili B, Rajabnia R, Kiakojuri K. 2015. Clinical and demographical findings of otitis externa in adult patients who referred to Roohani Hospital, Babol, Iran. Internaltion Journal of Current Microbiology Applied Science 4, 133-911.

Mandel EM, Bluestone CD, Rockette HE, Blatter MM, Resininger KS, Wucher FP, Harper. 1982. Duration of effusion after antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media: comparison of cefaclor and amoxicillin. Pediatric Infection Disease 1(5), 310-316.

Masters FW, Bingham HG, Robinson DW. 1960. The prevention and treatment of hearing loss in the cleft palate child. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 25, 9.

McCaig LF, Hughes JM. 1995. Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in the United States. Jama internal medical 273, 214-219.

Menichetti F. 2005. Current and emerging serious Gram-positive infections. Clinical Microbiology Infection Supply 3, 22-28.

Mew JM, Meredith GW. 1992. Middle ear effusion: an orthodontic perspective. Journal of pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 106, 7-13.

Morris DO. 2004.  Medical therapy of otitis externa and otitis media. Veterinary Clinics of North America 34, 521-55.

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Ikeoka H, Koshimo, H, Esaki Y. 1989. Acute effects of sulfur dioxide exposure on the middle ear mucosa. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 98, 301-307.

Oni AA, Nwaorgu OG, Bakare RA, Ogunkunle MO, Toki RA. 2002. The discharging ear in adult in adult in Ibadan, Nigeria causative agent and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 3, 3-5.

Oyeleke SB. 2009. Screening for bacteria agents responsible for otitis media and their antibiogram. African Journal of Microbiology Research 3(5), 249-522.

Pelton SI, Pettigrew MM, Barenkamp SJ. 2013. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery 148, 90-91.

Pichichero ME, Marsocci SM, Murphy ML, Hoeger W, Francis AB, Green JL. 2001. A prospective observational study of 5-, 7-, and 10-day antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media. otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery 124, 381-7.

Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey B, Carter GR. 1994. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. London, Wolfe/Mosby 6, 95-101.

Rosenfeld RM, Brown L, Cannon CR, Dolar RJ, Ganiats TG, Hannley M, Koke Muller, Marcy SM, Roland PS, Shiffman RN, Stinnett SS, Witsell DL. 2006. American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery 134, 4-23.

Ruuskanen O, Arola M, Heikkinen T, Ziegler T. 1991. Viruses in acute otitis media: increasing evidence for clinical significance. Pediatric Infection Disease Journal 10, 425-427.

Sabella C. 2005. Management of otorrhea in infants and children. Pediatric Infection Disease Journal  19, 1007-1008.

Sharma S, Rehan HS, Goyal A, Jha AK, Upadhyaya S, Mishra SC. 2004. Bacteriological profile in chronic suppurative otitis media in Eastern Nepal. Tropical Doctor 34, 102-104.

Sheahan P, Miller I, Sheahan JN, Earley MJ, Blaney AW. 2003. Incidence and outcome of middle ear disease in cleft lip and/or cleft palate. International Journal Pediatric Otolaryngol 67, 85-93.

Stool SE, Field MJ. 1989. The impact of otitis media. Pediatric Infection Disease Journal 8, 11-14.

Tagg JR, Dierksen KP. 2003. Bacterial replacement therapy: adapting ‘germ warfare’ to infection prevention. Trends Biotechnology 21, 217-223.

Tano K, Olofsson C, Grahn-Håkansson E, Holm SE. 1999. In vitro inhibition of S. pneumoniae, nontypable H. influenzae and M. catharralis by alpha-hemolytic streptococci from healthy children. International  Journal of  Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 47, 49-56.

Tasker A, Dettmar PW, Panetti M, Koufman JA, Birchall JP, Pearson JP. 2002.  Reflux of gastric juice and glue ear in children. Rhinological and Otological Society 359, 493.

Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner B. 1989. Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: A prospective, cohort study. Journal of Infection Disease 160, 83.

Tully SB, Bar-Haim Y, Bradley RL. 1995. Abnormal tympanography after supine bottle feeding. Journal of Pediatric 126, 105-11.

Vakharia KT, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N. 2010.  Demographic disparities among children with frequent ear infections in the United States. Laryngoscope 4, 2120, 1667

Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA. 2007. Epidemics after Natural Disasters. Emerging Infection Disease 13, 1-5.

World Health Organization. 2004. Chronic suppurative otitis media, burden of illness.

Wright A, Hawkins CH, Anggarad EE, Harper DR. 2009. A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy. Clinical Otolaryngology 34, 49-357.

Zeeshan Ahmed, Adeel Ahmed Khan, Nighat Nisar. 2011. Frequency of infectious diseases among flood affected people at district Rajanpur, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science 27, 866-869.

Submit Manuscript