Diversity index of species in sandbar present in estuarine ecosystem of Agusan River, Philippines: Its threat, management and conservation
Paper Details
Diversity index of species in sandbar present in estuarine ecosystem of Agusan River, Philippines: Its threat, management and conservation
Abstract
Estuary is a unique ecosystem due to the gradients of ecological conditions from riverine to marine. In some cases, there is sandbar in an estuary which rarely gets attention in scientific activities and conservation management. At the mouth of the Agusan River, the Philippines, where freshwater from the Agusan River and saltwater from Butuan Bay converge, lies one of Mindanao’s most significant estuaries with the presence of sandbar. The aim of this study is to identify all the available species (flora, fauna, and fungi) in the sandbar located in an estuary along the Agusan River and know the possible threats happening on the sandbar. The study used a descriptive method to examine many viewpoints and discover connections between the complex relationships among species on the sandbar. We utilized diversity parameters formulated as Shannon’s diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance indices. The results showed that the sandbar had Shannon’s diversity index of 1.231 featuring a low diversity level due to anthropogenic activities such as water pollution and habitat fragmentation that can negatively affect the species in the sandbar. Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature, it appeared that species present in the sampling area were categorized under Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), and Least Concern (LC). This meant that some of the species in the sampling area may be gone for approximately 10 years from now if not given proper attention and care. We strongly suggest strengthening the conservation and management plan like continuous mangrove planting and security provided by the Local Government Unit of the place. This study concluded that the place should undergo a more thorough evaluation to come up with better management and conservation planning.
Adam Janine, Riddin, Taryn, Bate GC. 2016. Ecology and Biodiversity of Estuaries, South African Journal of Botany. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.08.019
Adams JB, Whitfield AK, Niekerk LV. 2020. A Socio-Ecological Systems Approach Towards the Future Research for the Restoration, Conservation and Management of Southern African Estuaries. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/160859 14.2020.1751980
Avolio LM, Forrestel JE, Chang CC, La Pierre JK, Burghardt TK, Smith DM. 2019. Demystifying Dominant Species, New Phytologist 223. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15789
Barcera JF, Garcia A, Gomez A, Alvarez. 2012. Spatial and temporal flushing time approach in estuaries influenced by river and tide. An application in Suances Estuary (Northern Spain). https://doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.08.013
Berame J, Bulay M, Mercado R. 2021. Sustaining Angiosperms’ Diversity of Bood Promontory and Eco-Park, Butuan City, Philippines: Step Towards A Community Based-Protection Management Program. BIODIVERSITAS 22, 2519-2527. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220662
Bullimore B. 2014. Problems and Pressures, Management and Measures in a Site of Marine Conservation Importance: Carmarthen Bay and Estuaries. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272771414001206
Catibog-Sinha CS, Heaney LR. 2006. Philippine Biodiversity: Principles and Practice. Quezon City, Philippines: Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc.
Coco G, Zhou Z, Van Maanen B, Olabarrieta M, Tinoco R, Townend I. 2013 Morphodynamics of tidal networks: advances and challenges, Marine Geoogy 346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.08.005
Cong X, Kuang C, Han X, Gong L, Shen C. 2021. Experimental Observation on Wave and Profile Changes in a Sandbar-lagoon System with Emergent Aquatic Plants on the Sandbar Crest. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers. ISOPE-1- 21-3256.
Goloran AB, Laurence C, Glenn B, Tricia MA. 2020. Species Composition Diversity and Habitat Assessment of Mangroves in the Selected Area along Butuan Bay, Agusan Del Norte, Philippines. Open Access Library Journal 7, e6249. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79028
Ha M, Schleiger R. 2022. Species Diversity, Yuba College & Butte College via ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative.
Kennish M. 2002. Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/environmental-threats-and-environmental-future-of-stuaries/830CE2DF3F482B87AA60ADAB7 73906D6
Krueger R, Brundage A. 2022. Species Composition Role & Importance. What is Species Composition? https://study.com/learn/lesson/species-composition-role- importance.html
Leuven JRFW, Kleinhans MG, Weisscher M. 2016. Tidal sand bar dimensionsand shapes in estuaries. Earth-Science Reviews 1. https://doi:/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.004
Maestre F, Monroy A, Bowker M. 2011. Species richness effects on ecosystem multifunctionality depend on evenness, composition and spatial pattern. Journal of Ecology 100(2), 317-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01918.x
Medalla JA. 2019. Diversity and Habitat Association of Anurans in the Riparian Zone of Bangonay River, Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Jabonga.
Niekerk L, Adams JB, James NC, Lamberth SJ, MacKay CF, Turpie JK, Rajkaran A, Weerts SP, Whitfield AK. 2020. An Estuary Ecosystem Classification that encompasses biogeography and a high diversity of types in support of protection and management, African Journal of Aquatic Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2019.1685934
Numbere AO. 2018. Mangrove Species Distribution and Composition, Adaptive Oleksyn, S.; Tosetto, L.; Raoult, V.; Williamson, J.E. Drone-Based Tracking of the Fine-Scale Movement of a Coastal Stingray (Bathytoshia brevicaudata). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010040
Primavera JH. 2009. Field Guide to Philippine Mangroves, Philippine Tropical Forest Conservation Foundation, Inc., ZSL Living Conservation.
Ruggiero M, Gordon D, Orrell T, Bailly N, Bourgoin T, Brusca R, Cavalier-Smith T, Guiry M, Kirk P. 2015. A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
Savenjie HHG. 2005 Salinity and Tides in Alluvial Estuaries, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA. Delft, the Netherlands. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=PLn2XkMp8fAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Schob C, Kerle S, Karley AJ, Morcillo L, Pakeman RJ, Newton AC, Brooker RW. 2014. Intraspecific Genetic Diversity and Composition Modify Species-Level Diversity-Productivity Relationships. New Phytologist 205, 720-730. https://doi:/10.1111/nph.13043
Singh SK. 2017. Biodiversity-Threats and Conservation. Environmental Science and Engineering; 2. Biodiversity and Conservation, 282-316 p. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317313069_Biodiversity-Threats_and_Conservation
Soto-Navarro C, Harfoot M, Hill S. 2021. Towards a multidimensional biodiversity index for national application, Strategies and Ecosystem Services in the Niger River, Delta, Nigeria. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/S41893-021-00753-z
Talukdar G, Sarma AK, Bhattacharjya RK. Assessment of land use change in riverine ecosystem and utilizing it for socioeconomic benefit. Environ Monit Assess 194, 841 2022. https://doi:/10.1007/s10661-022-10495-w
Ting Zhou JF. 2013. Is Rich and Rare the Common Share? Describing Biodiversity Patterns to Inform Conservation Practices for South American Anurans. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org10.1371/journal.pone.0056073.
Wang ZB, Hoekstra P, Burchard H, Ridderinkhof H, De Swart HE, Stive MJF. 2012. Morphodynamics of the Wadden Sea and its barrier island system, Ocean & Coastal Mangement 68. https://doi:/10/1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.12.022
Wang Q. 2008. The Effect of Typhoons on the Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Aquatic Plants on Hainan Island, South China. Biotropica 692-699. https://doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00430x
Zāns A. 2017. Evolution of tidally forced sandbars in the Menai Strait using multibeam echo sounding and UAV imagery. Research Gate. https://doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.18899.30242
Marjorie Jane G. Badilla, Sarah Jane T. Pabatang, Diana Rose Norberte, Rissa L. Mercado, Minie L. Bulay, Julie S. Berame (2023), Diversity index of species in sandbar present in estuarine ecosystem of Agusan River, Philippines: Its threat, management and conservation; IJB, V23, N2, August, P47-59
https://innspub.net/diversity-index-of-species-in-sandbar-present-in-estuarine-ecosystem-of-agusan-river-philippines-its-threat-management-and-conservation/
Copyright © 2023
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0