Effects of Ammonium and Phosphate Concentration on Growth, Pigment and Soluble Protein concentration in Gracilaria manilaensis
Paper Details
Effects of Ammonium and Phosphate Concentration on Growth, Pigment and Soluble Protein concentration in Gracilaria manilaensis
Abstract
Gracilaria is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) which is an important raw material for agar industry and some other industries. Nutrient is important environmental factors in seaweed growth. Gracilaria has high potential for absorbed of nutrient in sea water. The following work is devised on the basis of impact of variable concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous which are 0, 20/2, 50/5, 120/12 and 300/30 µM. The factors determined to be affected were protein soluble, growth and pigments in red seaweed Gracilaria manilaensis. Results stated that concentration alteration of N and P affected the specific growth rate, total soluble proteins and chemical composition (concentrations of chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC)). N and P concentration was increased, the growth rate of Gracilaria manilaensis were increased 2.97± 0.26%d-1, in 0 concentration of ammonium to 5.72± 0.19%d-1 in 300/30 µM . One -way ANOVA showed significant differences in growth rate between treatments and cultivation time (P<0.05). Growth rates were 50% higher in 300/30 N/P concentration compared to without nutrient treatments. Similarly, PE, PC and Chl a were increased and highest value were found at N/P concentration of 300/30 µM. Growth rate of G. manilaensis under different concentrations of N and P was strongly dependent on the concentrations of inorganic concentration N and P.
Abreu MH, Pereira R, Buschmann A, Sousa-Pinto I, Yarish C. 2011. Nitrogen uptake responses of Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss under combined and single addition of nitrate and ammonium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 407(2), 190-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.06.034
Beer S, Eshel A. 1985. Determining phycoerythrin and phycocyanin concentrations in aqueous crude extracts of red algae. Marine and Freshwater Research 36, 785-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MF9850785
Boderskov T, Schmedes PS, Bruhn A, Rasmussen MB, Nielsen MM, Pedersen MF. 2015. The effect of light and nutrient availability on growth, nitrogen, and pigment contents of Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) grown in outdoor tanks, under natural variation of sunlight and temperature, during autumn and early winter in Denmark. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1-13 P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0673-7
Borum J, Sand Jensen K. 1996. Is total primary production in shallow coastal marine waters stimulated by nitrogen loading? Oikos: 406-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307 /3546213
Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry 72(1), 248-254. http://dx.doi.org/org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Campbell S. 2001. Ammonium requirements of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae in a nutrient-enriched marine embayment (Port Phillip Bay, Australia). Marine ecology. Progress series 209, 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps209099
CarmonaR, Kraemer G, Yarish C. 2006. Exploring Northeast American and Asian species of Porphyra for use in an integrated finfish–algal aquaculture system. Aquaculture (252), 54-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.049
Corey P, Kim JK, Duston J, Garbary DJ, Prithiviraj B. 2013. Bioremediation potential of Palmaria palmata and Chondrus crispus (Basin Head): effect of nitrate and ammonium ratio as nitrogen source on nutrient removal. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(5), 1349-1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-9977-7
Dawes C, Orduña-Rojas J, Robledo D. 1998. Response of the tropical red seaweed Gracilaria cornea to temperature, salinity and irradiance. Journal of Applied Phycology 10, 419-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008021613399
Dawes CJ, Koch EW. 1991. Branch, micropropagule and tissue culture of the red algaeEucheuma denticulatum andKappaphycus alvarezii farmed in the Philippines. Journal of applied phycology 3, 247-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003583
Dehgahi R, Zakaria L, Mohamad A, Joniyas A, Subramaniam S. 2015. Effects of fusaric acid treatment on the protocorm-like bodies of Dendrobium sonia-28. Protoplasma, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0895-1
De Boer J. 1979. Effects of nitrogen enrichment on growth rate and phycocolloid content in Gracilaria foliifera and Neoagardhiella baileyi (Florideophyceae). Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp 9, 263-271.
Duarte CM. 1995. Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes. Ophelia 41, 87-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785236.1995.10422039
Feng YY, Hou LC, Ping NX, Ling TD, Kyo CI. 2004. Development of mariculture and its impacts in Chinese coastal waters. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-004-3539-7
Fujiwara-Arasaki T, Mino N, Kuroda M. 1984. The protein value in human nutrition of edible marine algae in Japan. In Eleventh International Seaweed Symposium. Hydrobiologia (116), 513-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6560-7_104
Hanisak MD. 1990. The use of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) as a model system to understand the nitrogen nutrition of cultured seaweeds. Hydrobiologia 204, 79-87 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2049-1_12.
Harrison PJ, Hurd CL. 2001. Nutrient physiology of seaweeds: application of concepts to aquaculture. Cahiers de biologie Marine (42), 71-82.
Israel A, Martinez Goss M, Friedlander M. 1999. Effect of salinity and pH on growth and agar yield of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui in laboratory and outdoor cultivation. Journal of Applied Phycology (11), 543-549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008141906299
Kautsky N, Kautsky H, Kautsky U, Waern M. 1986. Decreased depth penetration of Fucus vesiculosus (L.) since the 1940’s indicates eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28, 1-8 http://dx.doi.org/0171-8630/86/0028/0001/$05.00
Korbee N, Huovinen P, Figueroa F, Aguilera J, Karsten U. 2005. Availability of ammonium influences photosynthesis and the accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids in two Porphyra species (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Marine Biology 146, 645-654 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.06.001
Kumar M, Kumari P, Gupta V, Reddy C, Jha B. 2010. Biochemical responses of red alga Gracilaria corticata (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) to salinity induced oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 391, 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.06.001
Lapointe B. 1987. Phosphorus-and nitrogen-limited photosynthesis and growth of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Rhodophyceae) in the Florida Keys: an experimental field study. Marine Biology 93, 561-568 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392794
Lobban C, Harrison P. 1994. Seaweed ecology andphysiology. In. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Ménesguen A, Piriou JY. 1995. Nitrogen loadings and macroalgal (Ulva sp.) mass accumulation in Brittany (France). Ophelia 42, 227-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1995.10431506
Pedersen A., Kraemer G, Yarish C. 2004. The effects of temperature and nutrient concentrations on nitrate and phosphate uptake in different species of Porphyra from Long Island Sound (USA) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (312), 235-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.05.021
Peng C., Wen, X, Lin, Z, Zhou, H, Chen S, & Lin G. 2007. Response of Gracilaria lemaneiformis to nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophic seawater. Journal of Plant Ecology 31(3), 505-512.
Ribeiro ALN, Tesima KE, Souza JM, Yokoya NS. 2013. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities on growth, pigment, and protein contents in Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of applied phycology (25), 1151-1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9938-6
Taylor D, Nixon S, Granger S, Buckley B, McMahon J, Lin HJ. 1995. Responses of coastal lagoon plant communities to different forms of nutrient enrichment—a mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Botany 52, 19-34 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)00485-I
Troell M, Robertson-Andersson D, Anderson RJ, Bolton JJ, Maneveldt G, Halling C, Probyn T. 2006. Abalone farming in South Africa: an overview with perspectives on kelp resources, abalone feed, potential for on-farm seaweed production and socio-economic importance. Aquaculture 257(1), 266-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.02.066
Vinod K, Heuer S. 2012.. Approaches towards nitrogen-and phosphorus-efficient rice. AoB plants 2012: pls028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/pls028
Wilson A, Critchley A. 1998. Studies on Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Steentoft, Farnham and Irvine and Gracilaria aculeata (Hering) Papenfuss from southern Africa. I. The influence of temperature, irradiance, salinity and nitrogen-nutrition on growth. Oceanographic Literature Review 9(45), 1686-1693.
Yu J, Yang YF. 2008. Physiological and biochemical response of seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis to concentration changes of N and P. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 367, 142-148 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.029
Zhang M, Cao T, Ni L, Xie P, Li Z. 2010. Carbon, nitrogen and antioxidant enzyme responses of Potamogeton crispus to both low light and high nutrient stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany 68, 44-50. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.09.003
Alireza Joniyas, Misni Surif, Norsuhana Abdul Hamid, Raheleh Dehgahi, 2016. Effects of Ammonium and Phosphate Concentration on Growth, Pigment and Soluble Protein concentration in Gracilaria manilaensis. Int. J. Biosci., 9(3), 65-74.
Copyright © 2016 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.