Functional and nutraceutical scenario of flaxseed and sesame: A review

Paper Details

Review Paper 01/09/2020
Views (402) Download (22)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Functional and nutraceutical scenario of flaxseed and sesame: A review

Tabussam Tufail, Mishal Riaz, Muhammad Umair Arshad, Syed Amir Gilani, Huma Bader Ul Ain, Tara Khursheed, Zeenat Islam, Muhammad Imran, Shahid Bashir, Muhammad Zia Shahid, Syed Muhammad Umar Kazmi, Ali Saqib
Int. J. Biosci.17( 3), 173-190, September 2020.
Certificate: IJB 2020 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

Flaxseed or linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) comes from the flax plant, an annual herb. Sesame (Sesamum indicum) belongs to family Pedaliaceae. The main importance of flaxseed and sesame is in the human nutrition sector because it is emerging as an important functional food ingredient thanks to the content of active compounds, pointed to provide health benefits. There are several ways to eat flaxseed and sesame in the form of oil or added to the bakery product.  Scientific evidence support consumption of flaxseed for the high content in omega-3, omega-6 rich oil, α-linolenic acid, lignans, high-quality proteins and fibers, compounds which are biologically active in the prevention of some chronic diseases such as many types of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular stroke. Along with being a good source of plant protein these both have great ability to lower blood pressure. They are also a rich source of many vitamins and minerals.

VIEWS 25

Singha KK, Mridulaa D, Rehala j, Barnwala P. 2011. Flaxseed: A Potential Source of Food, Feed and Fiber Critic. Rev. Food Science and Nutrition 51, 210-222.

Saleem MF, Ma BL, Malik MA, Cheema A, Wahid MA. 2008. Yield and Quality Response of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to Irrigation Frequencies and Planting Patterns. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, 101-109.

Hussain S, Anjum FM, Butt MS, Sheikh MA. 2008. Chemical composition and functional properties of flaxseed flour. Journal of Agricultural 24, 649-653.

Pradhan R, Meda V, Rout P, Naik S.  2010. Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oil from flaxseed and comparison with screw press expression and solvent extraction processes. Journal of Food Engineering 98, 393-397.

Barcelo C, Murphy EJ. 2009. Alpha linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n−3 fatty acids: Benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n−3 fatty acid levels. Progress in Lipid Research 48, 355-374.

Tufail T, Saeed F, Arshad MU, Afzaal M, Rasheed R, Bader Ul Ain H, Imran M, Abrar M, Farooq MA. Shahid MZ. 2020. Exploring the effect of cereal bran cell wall on rheological properties of wheat flour. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 44(3), p e14345.

Connon JJ. 1999. Celiac disease. In: Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, eds.

Murphy PA, Hendrich S. 2002. Phytoestrogens in foods. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 44, 195-246.

Vijaimohan K, Jainu M, Sabitha KE, Subramaniyam S, Anandhan A, Devi CSS. 2006. Beneficial effects of alpha linolenic acid rich flaxseed oil on growth performance and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in high fat diet fed rats. Life Sciences 79, 448-454.

Hussain S. 2004. Biochenical and technological properties of flaxseed supplemnted wheat flour. M.Sc. Thesis. National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Riaz M, Asghar A, Tufail T, Sikander S, Imran M, Ahmed H, Ahsan F, Bashir B, Shahid MZ, Bukht H. 2020. Exploring the prophylactic potential of sesame seed and flaxseed as a functional food. International Journal of Biosciences 17(1), 63-68.

Gambus H, Mikulec A, Gambus F, Pisulewski P. 2004. Perespectives of linseed utilization in baking. Polish. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 13(1), 21-27.

Alpers L, Morse MS. 1996. Eating quality of banana nut muffins and oatmeal cookies made with ground flaxseed. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96(8), 794-796.

Hussain S, Anjum FM, Butt MS, Khan MI, Asghar A. 2006. Physical and sensoric attributes of flaxseed flour supplemented cookies. Turkish Journal of Biology 30(2), 87-92.

Gambus H, Mikulec A, Matusz A. 2003. The Canadian muffins and hermit cookies with linseed. Zywnosc 10(3), 82-93.

Zaib-un-Nisa. 2000. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on chemical properties. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Home Economics University of Agriculture Faisalabad.

Frank DC, Sarah FD. 2006. The effect of soya flour and flaxseed as a partial replacement for bread flour in yeast bread. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 41, 95-101.

Koca AF, Anil M. 2007. Effect of flaxseed and wheat flour blends on dough rheology and bread quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87(6), 1172-1175.

Pohjanheimo TA, Hakala MA, Tahvonen RL, Salminen SJ, Kallio HP. 2006. Flaxseed in Breadmaking: Effects on Sensory Quality, Aging, and Composition of Bakery Products. Journal of Food Science 71(4), 343-348.

Manthey F, Lee R, Hall C. 2002. Processing and cooking effects on lipid content and stability of alpha-linolenic acid in spaghetti containing ground flaxseed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(6), 1668-1671.

Lee KWA. Blouin, Lip GYH. 2004. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Quart. Journal of Medicine 96(7), 465-480.

Potawale SE, Mantri RA, Luniya KP, Mehta UK, Md W, Sadiq HJ, Deshmukh RS. 2008. Camellia sinensis: an ethnopharmacological review. Pharmacology online 3, 1-25.

Westcott ND, Muir AD. 2003. Flax seed lignan in disease prevention and health promotion. Phytochemistry Reviews 2(3), 401-417.

Crosby G. 2005. Lignans in food and nutrition. Food Technology 59(5), 32-36.

Eliasson C Kamal A, Andersson R, Aman P. 2003. Highperformance liquid chromatographic analysis of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides in flaxseed by alkaline extraction. Journal of Chromatography 1012(2), 151-159.

Morris D. 2004. Essential nutrients and other functional compounds in flaxseed. Nutr. Today 36, 159-162.

Struijs K, Vincken JP, Verhoef R, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. 2007. The flavonoid herbacetin diglucoside as a constituent of the lignan macromolecule from flaxseed hulls. Phytochemiry 68, 1227-1235.

Hutchins AM, Slavin JL. 2003. Effects of flaxseed on sex hormone metabolism. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. 5, 126-149.

Ford JD, Huang KS, Wang HB, Davin LB, Lewis NG. 2001. Biosynthetic pathway to the cancer chemopreventive secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-hydroxymethl glutaryl esterlinked lignan oligomers in flax (Linum usitatissimum) seed. Journal of Natural Products 64, 1388-1397.

Westcott ND, Muir AD. 1998. Process for extracting lignans from flaxseed. USA patent 51, 5705-5718.

Muir AD, Westcott ND. 2003. Quantitation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in baked goods containing flaxseed or flax meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 4048-4052.

Clark WF, Ogborn M. 2003. Flaxseed and flaxseed lignans: Effects on the progression and severity of renal failure. In Muir, A.D. and N.D. Westcott. (eds.) Flax: The Genus Linum. Taylor and Francis, London. 43, 214-229.

Li D, Yee JA, Thompson LU, Yan L. 2006. Dietary supplementation with secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) reduces experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Cancer Letters 142, 91-96.

Rickard SE, Yuan YV, Chen J, Thompson LU. 2008. Dose effects of flaxseed and its lignan on N methyl N nitrosourea induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Nutrition and Cancer 35, 50-57.

Tufail T, Saeed F, Imran M, Arshad MU, Anjum FM, Afzaal M, Bader Ul Ain H, Shahbaz M, Gondal TA, Hussain S. 2018. Biochemical characterization of wheat straw cell wall with special reference to bioactive profile. International journal of food properties 21(1), p 1303-1310.

Thompson LU, Rickard SE, Orcheson LJ, Seidl MM. 2011. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 17, 1373-1376.

Dabrosin C, Chen J, Wang L, Thompson LU. 2002. Flaxseed inhibits metastasis and decreases extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Lett 185, 31-37.

Chen J, Thompson LU. 2003. Exposure to flaxseed or its purified lignan during suckling inhibits chemically induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Experimental Biology and Medicine 228, 951-958.

Daun JK, Barthet VJ, Chornick TL, Duguid S. 2003. Structure, composition, and variety development of flaxseed. In: Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, eds Thompson LU and Cunnane SC, 2nd ed, AOCS (American Oil Chemists’ Society) Press, Champaign, IL. 31, 1-40.

Decker EA, Warner K, Richards MP, Shahidi F. 2005. Measuring antioxidant effectiveness in food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 4303-4310.

Schwarz K, Bertelsen G, Nissen LR, Gardner PT, Heinonen MI, Hopia A, Tuong HB, Lambelet P, McPhail P, Skibsted LH, Tijburg L. 2001. Investigation of plant extracts for the protection of processed foods against lipid oxidation. Comparison of antioxidant assays based on radical scavenging, lipid oxidation and analysis of the principal antioxidant compounds. European. Food Science and Technology Research 212, 319-328.

Yuan YV, Rickard SE, Thompson LU. 1999. Short-term feeding of flaxseed or its lignan has minor influence on in vivo hepatic antioxidants status in young rats. Nutrition Research 19, 1233-1244.

Hu C, Yvonne VY, David DK. 2007. Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45, 2219-2227.

Hurteau MC. 2004. Unique new food products contain good omega fats. Journal of Food Science Education 3, 52-53.

Oomah BD, Mazza G. 1998. Flaxseed products for disease prevention. 20:91-138. In: Mazza, G. Functional Foods: Biochemical and Processing Aspects. Lancaster, PA: Technomic. Simopoulos, A.P. 2012. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 560-569.

Zambon D, Sabate J, Munoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E. 2006. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholestrolemic men and women: a randomized crossover trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 132, 538-546.

Cintra DEC, Costa AGV, Peluzdio MCG, Matta SLP, Silva MTC, Costa NMB. 2006. Lipid profile of rats fed high-fat diets based on flaxseed, peanut, trout, or chicken skin. Nutrition 22, 197-205.

Bhathena SJ, Ali A, Mohamed AI, Hansen CT, Velasquez MT. 2002. Differential effects of dietary flaxseed protein and soy protein on plasma triglyceride and uric acid levels in animal models. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 13, 684-689.

Shen H, Price RL, Femandez MI. 2009. Dietary soluble fibers lower plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations by altering lipoprotein metabolism in female guinea pigs. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1434-1441.

Jenkins AF, Costa AGV, Peluzdio MCG, Anil M. 1999. Effect of flaxseed flour blends on dough rheology and bread quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 17, 670-675.

Cunnane SC, Hamadeh MJ, Liede AC, Thompson LU, Wolever TMS. 2005. Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 62-68.

Bhathena SJ, Ali AA, Haudenschild C, Latham P, Ranich T, Mohamed AI, Hansen CT, Velasquez MT. 2003. Dietary flaxseed meal is more protective than soy protein concentrate against hypertriglyceridemia and steatosis of the liver in an animal model of obesity. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 22, 157-164.

Gambus H, Mikulec A, Pisulewski P, Borowiec F, Zajac T, Kopec A. 2001. Hypocholesteric properties of bread with the addition of oil Flaxseed. Zywnosc 8, 55-65.

Kritchevsky D. 2012. Fiber effects on hyperlipidemia. P. 174-184. In ‘‘Flaxseed in Human Nutrition’’ S. C. Cunnane and L. U. Thompson. (eds.). 1st ed.. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.

Hasler C, Kundrat S, Wool D. 2004. Functional foods in cardiovascular disease. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 2, 467-475.

Lemay A, Dodin S, Kadri N. 2002. Flaxseed dietary supplement versus hormone replacement therapy in hypercholesterolemic menopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol 100, 495-504.

Lucas EA, Wild RD, Hammond LJ. 2012. Flaxseed improves lipid profile without altering biomarkers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87, 1527-1532.

Prasad K. 2014. Reduction of serum cholesterol and hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside isolated from flaxseed. Circulation 99, 1355-1362.

Dodin S, Lemay A, Jacques H, Legare F, Forest HC, Masse B. 2005. Effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and 191 symptoms in menopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, 1390-1397.

Arjmandi BH, Khan DA, Juma S, Drum MI, Venkatesh S, Sohn E, Wei L, Derman R. 2013. Whole flaxseed consumption lowers serum LDL cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research 18, 1203-1214.

Sonn GA, Aronson W, Litwin MS. 2005. Impact of diet on prostate cancer: a review. Prostate Cancer P. D 8, 304-310.

Adlecreutz JK. 2002. Environmental effects on the composition of Canadian flax cultivars. Process Flax Inst 91, 10-61.

Chen PR, Chien KL, Su TC, Chang CJ, Liu TL, Cheng H, Tsai C. 2003. Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Research 25, 559-567.

Ward WE. 2011. Effect of flaxseed on bone metabolism and menopause. In LU Thompson and SC Cunnane 2nd ed. Flaxseed in Human Nutrition. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. 90, 319-332.

Ward WE, Yuan YV, Cheung AM, Thompson LU. 2015. Exposure to flaxseed and its purified lignan reduces bone strength in young but not older male rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 63, 53-65.

Zebib WE, Yuan YV, Cheung AM, Thompson LU. 2013. Exposure to purified lignan from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) alters bone development in female rats. British Journal of Nutrition 86, 499-505.

Prasad K. 2010. Antioxidant activity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-derived metabolites. Journal of Food Engineering 19, 231-235.

Namiki M. 2007. Neutraceutical functions of sesame: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 47, 651-673.

Moazzami AA, Haese SL, Kamal A, Eldin. 2007. Lignan contents in sesame seeds and products. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 1022-1027.

Bedigian D. 2004. History and Lore of Sesame in South West Asia. Economic Botany 58, 329-353.

Murial P, Arauz J. 2010. Coffee and liver diseases. Fitoterapia 81, 297-305.

Saydut A, Duz C, Kaya A, Kafadar C, Hamamci. 2008. Trans esterifed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed oil as a biodiesel fuel. Bioresour. Technol 99, 6656-6660.

Uzun B, Arslan C, Karhan M, Toker. 2007. Fat and fatty acids of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) in comparison to sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Food Chemistry 102, 45-49.

Martinchik AN. 2011. Nutritional value of sesame seeds. Voprosy pitaniia 80, 41-43.

FAO. 2005. FAOSTAT Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Rome, Italy. Food Chemistry 61, 1146-1154.

Roy N, Mamum SMA, Jahan MS. 2009. Yield performance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varities at varying levels of row spacing Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5, 823-827.

Kappor LD. 2001. Hand Book of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, CRC Press, New York, NY, USA.

Padua MR. 2005. Some functional and utilization characteristics of sesame flour and proteins. Journal of Food Science 48, 1145-1147.

Kato MJ, Chu A, Davin LB, Lewis NG. 2005. Biosynthesis of antioxidant lignans in Sesamum indicum L seeds. Phytochem 47, 583-591.

Hahm TS, Kuei CY. 2015. Present and potential industrial applications of sesame: A mini review. Journal of Food Process Preserv 39, 3137-3144.

Quasem JM, Mazahreh AS, Abu Alruz K. 2009. Development of vegetable based milk from decorticated sesame (Sesamum indicum L). American Journal of Applied Sciences 6, 888-896.

Bamigboye AW, Okafor AC, Adepoju OT. 2010. Proximate and mineral composition of whole and dehulled Nigerian sesame seed. African Journal of Food Science 1, 71-75.

Cooney RV, Custer LH, Okinaka L, Frunk AA. 2005. Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Research 25, 559-567.

Penalvo JL, Hopia A, Hdlercreutz H. 2012. Effects of sesamin on serum cholesterol and triglycerides level in LDL receptor deficient mice. European. European Journal of Nutrition 45, 439-444.

Hsu DZ, Liu MY. 2002. Sesame Oil Attenuates Multiple Organ Failure and Increases Survival Rate During Endotoxemia in Rats. Critical Care Medicine 30, 1859-1862.

Juan X, Chen S, Qiuhui H. 2005. Antioxidant activity of brown pigment and extracts from black sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.). Food Chemistry 91, 70-83.

Hsu DZ, Chiang PJ, Chien S.P, Huang B.M, Liu MY. 2004. Parenteral sesame oil attenuates oxidative stress after endotoxin intoxication in rats. Toxical 196, 147-153.

Cooney RV, Custer LH, Okinaka L, Frunk AA. 2005. Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition Research 25, 559-567.