Germination sensitivity of Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana Willd) on burning, sowing depth, and positions of seeds in the field
Paper Details
Germination sensitivity of Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana Willd) on burning, sowing depth, and positions of seeds in the field
Abstract
The objective of the research was to assess the germination sensitivity of candlenut on burning, sowing depth, and seed positions in the field. The method used was a factorial in a randomized complete block design. With the least significant difference level of 5%, the results showed that germination rates were significantly sensitive on the interaction of sowing depth and seed positions. The interaction of sowing depth of 4 cm and the face up position yielded the highest germination rates with the average of 36 days. The lowest ones were the seeds sown at the depth of 2 cm with the face-up position, on average of 58 days. The cotyledon opening rates were significantly sensitive on the interaction of the sowing depth and seed positions. The sowing depth of 6 cm with the face-up position yielded the highest cotyledon opening rates, on average of 46 days. The lowest ones were the seeds sown at the depth of 2 cm with the face-up position, on average of 64 days. The seeds that germinated earlier did not automatically open their cotyledons earlier. The highest seed germination percentage was yielded by the sowing depth of 2 cm, on average of 47%. The lowest one was the seeds sown 6 cm deep, on average of 34%. Recommended treatment was the combination of the seeds sown 4 cm deep with the horizontal position. Treatment of seed burning should be done before sowing the seeds or sowing the seeds at 0 cm from the soil surface.
Agriculture Department. 1983. Candlenut plants can suppress alang-alang growth. Agriculture Information Bulletin 3, 10. Ujung Pandang.
Atjung. 1981. Plants producing oil, wheat, and sugar. C.V. Yasaguna, Jakarta.
Awan TH, Chauhan BS, Cruz PCS. 2014. Influence of environmental factors on the germination of Urona lobata L. and its response to herbicides. PLoS ONE 9, 9. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0090305.
Baker FS. 1950. Principles of silviculture. Mc Grow-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 228-238.
Benvenuti S. 2003. Soil texture involvement in germination and emergence of buried weed seeds. Agronomy Journal 95, 191-198.
Christhoper EP. 1958. Introductory horticulture. Mac Graw-Hill Book Company, New York, 110-114.
Daniel TW, Helms JA, Baker FS. 1979. Principle of silviculture. Mac Graw-Hill Book Company. New York 377-381. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015536900330.
Elevitch CR, Manner HI. 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai’i, 16.
Gashaw M, Michelsen A. 2002. Influence of hest shock on seed germination of plants from regularly burnt savanna woodlands and grasslands in Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Ecology 159, 83-93.
Hanley M, Unna J, Darvill B. 2003. Seed size and germination response: a relationship for fire-following plant species exposed to thermal shock. Journal of Oecologia 134, 18-22. DOI: 10.1007/ s00442-002-1094-2.
Harjadi MMSS. 1979. Introduction to agronomics. Department of Agronomy, Bogor Agriculture University, Bogor, 150-154.
Hartmann HT, Kester DE. 1978. Plant propagation, principles and practices, third edition. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 114-115.
Kains MG, McQuesten LM. 1956. Propagation of plants. Orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 22-27.
Karaeng M. 1982. Effects of the heat duration and seed positions in the soil on the rates and viability of candlenut (Aleurites moluccana Willd) germination. Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hasanuddin. Ujung Pandang Unpublished.
Krisnawati H, Kallio M, Kanninen M. 2011. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.: ecology, silviculture, and productivity. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 10.
Li M, Han J, Wang Y, Sun J, Haferkamp M. 2010. Different seed dormancy levels imposed by tissues covering the caryopsis in zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica Steud). Seed Science Technology, 38, 320-331. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2010.38.2.05.
Liu Y, Liu G, Li Q, Liu Y, Hou L, Li G. 2012. Influence of pericarp, cotyledon and inhibitory substances on sharp tooth oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) germination. PLoS ONE 7, 7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047682.
Lu Y, Lei JQ, Zeng FJ, Liu GJ, Gao HH, Su YG. 2012. Factors influencing seed germination and seedling emergence of Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) C. A. Mey. (Chenopodiaceae), a dominant annual halophyte Inhabiting the gravel deserts of Xinjiang, China. Seed Science Technology 40, 283-298.
Moreira B, Pausas JG. 2012. Tanned or burned: the role of fire in shaping physical seed dormancy. PLoS ONE 7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051523.
O’Brien MJ, Philipson CD, Tay J, Hector A. 2013. The influence of variable rainfall frequency on germination and early growth of shade-tolerant dipterocarp seedlings in Borneo. PLoS ONE 8, 9. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0070287.
Ochse JJ, Soule J, Dijkman MJ, Wehlburg C. 1961. Tropical and subtropical agriculture, Volume II. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1094-1104. PDF Link: http://thescipub.com/pdf/10.3844/ajessp. 2006.74.78.
Rosman R, Djauhariya E. 2006. Technology status of candlenut silviculture, special edition. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Institute 2, 55-66. Bogor.
Severino LS, Cordoba GOJ, Zanotto MD, Auld DL. 2012. The influence of the caruncle on the germination of castor seeds under high salinity or low soil water content. Seed Science Technology, 40, 139-143.
Sinnott, EW, Wilson KS. 1955. Botany: principles and problems. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 270-273.
Soegiman. 1982. Soil sciences (translation to Indo-nesian). Bhratara Karya Aksara. Jakarta.
Tohir KA. 1981. Planting fruit trees. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta.
Tsuyuzaki S. 2006. Survival and changes in germination response of Rumex obtusifolius, Polygonum longisetum and Oenothera biennis during burial at three soil depths. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 2, 74-78. DOI: 10.3844/ajessp.2006.74.78.
Wilson, Loomis. 1962. Botany, third edition. Holt Rinehart and Winston. New York, 260-262.
Wondimu B, Rethman NFG, Hammes PS, Pieterse PA, Grimbeek J, Van Der Linde M. 2005. Water stress affects the germination, emergence and growth of different sorghum cultivars. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 28, 119-128.
Basir Achmad, 2016. Germination sensitivity of Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana Willd) on burning, sowing depth, and positions of seeds in the field. Int. J. Biosci., 9(3), 150-157.
Copyright © 2016 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.