Heavy metals bioaccumulation analysis with macroalgae growing in Ganga water in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Paper Details
Heavy metals bioaccumulation analysis with macroalgae growing in Ganga water in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
For a sustainable ecosystem and the benefit of mankind, knowledge of environmental pollution with a health impact is crucial. Industrial waste and sewage sources contaminate the Ganga River’s water. Freshwater algae have a well-known ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals. We investigated the ability of the green algae Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Rhizoclonium sp. to biologically accumulate heavy metals in an aqueous environment as a response to the increasing environmental contamination associated with heavy metals. We analysed the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Pb, and Fe. We collected algal biomass and Ganga water samples from Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, in March 2022 to study heavy metals. Heavy metals were analyzed using a spectrophotometric technique and an atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin Elmer A-700). Green algae can highly accumulate heavy metals. We examined heavy metals in algal and Ganga water samples. We found the concentrations of heavy metals in Ganga water in the following order: Cd > Cr > Pb > Fe. In Hydrodictyon reticulatum, the bioaccumulation factor was 169.16 for Fe, 27.5 for Pb, 22.14 for Cr, and 2.58 for Cd. In Rhizoclonium sp., it was 352.5 for Fe, 34.74 for Pb, 27.63 for Cr, and 3.13 for Cd.
Aggarwal M, Anbukumar S, Vijaya Kumar T. 2022. Heavy metals concentrations and risk assessment in the sediment of Ganga River between Kanpur and Prayagraj, UP, India. Sādhanā 47(4), 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-022-01972-6
Ali Redha A. 2020. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by biosorption. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 27(1), 183-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2020.1756177
Anderson DM, Morel FM. 1978. Copper sensitivity of Gonyaulax tamarensis 1. Limnology and Oceanography 23(2), 283-95.
Bureau of Indian Standards. Drinking Water – Specification IS 10500: 2012 (Second Revision).
Chugh M, Kumar L, Shah MP, Bharadvaja N. 2022. Algal Bioremediation of heavy metals: An insight into removal mechanisms, recovery of by-products, challenges, and future opportunities. Energy Nexus 7, 100-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100129
Council of the European Union. 1998. Council Directive of 3 November 1998 on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. 98/83/EC.
Dwivedi S, Srivastava S, Mishra S, Kumar A, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Dave R, Tripathi P, Charkrabarty D, Trivedi PK. 2010. Characterization of native microalgal strains for their chromium bioaccumulation potential: Phytoplankton response in polluted habitats. Journal of Hazardous Materials 173(1-3), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.053
Gadd GM. 1993. Microbial formation and transformation of organometallic and organometalloid compounds. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 11(4), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00003.x
Kaplan D. 2013. Absorption and adsorption of heavy metals by microalgae. In: Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology and Biotechnology. 602-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118567166.ch32
Kumar L, Chugh M, Kumar S, Kumar K, Sharma J, Bharadvaja N. 2022. Remediation of petrorefinery wastewater contaminants: A review on physicochemical and bioremediation strategies. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 159, 362-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.009
Pandey R, Divya Raghuvanshi DR, Shukla DN. 2014. Water quality of river Ganga along Ghats in Allahabad city, UP, India. 5(4), 181-186.
Qifa S, Ke Y, Zhuo’an S, Lin’gang J, Hui T, Xiaodong G, Xuguang L, Wei Z. 2022. Characteristics of groundwater quality in Changchun New Area and its evaluation on ecological health. Geology in China 49(3), 834-48. DOI: 10.12029/gc20220311
Shengfeng L, Jun H, Yuan Z. 2019. Investigation of groundwater quality and health risk assessment in Rong county Guangxi. People’s Pearl River 40(12), 6-12.
Siwen L. 2022. Water quality and health risk assessment in the northern part of the Huangpi River Basin in Ganbei, Jiangxi province. R. Miner. Test. Environ. Chem. 41(3), 488–498.
Sunda WG. 1975. The relationship between cupric ion activity and the toxicity of copper to phytoplankton. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Doctoral dissertation).
Tamayo AI, Guas AM, Leyte-Vidal JJ, Maccini M. 2014. Analytical method for heavy metal determination in algae and turtle eggs from Guanahacabibes Protected Sea Park. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 4(4), 145-54. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2014.0051
Wang J, Li Y, Huang J, Yan T, Sun T. 2017. Growing water scarcity, food security, and government responses in China. Global Food Security 14, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.003
Wang J, Liu G, Liu H, Lam PK. 2017. Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment 583, 421-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088
Wanjun J. 2022. Current status of groundwater resources and environmental quality in Zhangjiakou area and development, utilization and protection suggestions. North China Geol 45(3), 44–54.
World Health Organization. 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality – 4th ed. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. ISBN 978 92 4 154815 1.
Zohoorian H, Ahmadzadeh H, Molazadeh M, Shourian M, Lyon S. 2020. Microalgal bioremediation of heavy metals and dyes. In: Handbook of Algal Science, Technology and Medicine. Academic Press, 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818305-2.00041-3
Khushaboo Soni, Preeti Maurya, Sanjay Singh, 2024. Heavy metals bioaccumulation analysis with macroalgae growing in Ganga water in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int. J. Biosci., 25(3), 32-39.
Copyright © 2024 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.