Characterization of biofilms produced by Candida species isolated from tertiary care hospitals, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Paper Details
Characterization of biofilms produced by Candida species isolated from tertiary care hospitals, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Abstract
Biofilm formation is one of the important virulence factors of Candida species. Candida species are able to form biofilm on any biotic or abiotic surface. These biofilms can cause recurrent infections as they overtake the immune responses and are resistant to most of the available antifungals. The present study was conducted to characterize the biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Candida obtained from a tertiary care hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The biofilms were quantified using quantification methods such as dry weight measurement and XTT reduction assays. Candida albicans strain SC 5314 was used as a control in each experiment. The structural organization 3D was studied by confocal laser microscopy. Additionally a well-established 96 well plate method was used to study the antifungal susceptibility of the biofilms. It was observed that all the Candida sp. form biofilm and was highly resistant to fluconazole. Caspofungin was effective against all species of the Candida included in the study but Candida glabrata showed reduced suceptibilty towards it. We also showed that biofilms formed by the Candida glabrata are significantly different probably due to the inability to form hyphae.
Soll DR. 2002. Candida commensalism and virulence: the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Acta Tropica 81, 101–110.
Concia E, Azzini AM, Conti M. Epidemiology, incidence and risk factors for invasive candidiasis in high-risk patients Drugs 69(1), 5-14.
Uppuluri P, Dinakaran H, Thomas DP, Chaturvedi AK, Lopez-Ribot JL. 2009. Characteristics of Candida albicans Biofilms Grown in a Synthetic Urine Medium. Clinical Microbiology 47, 4078-4083.
Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Kashleva Dwivedi P, Diaz P, Vasilakos J. 2009. Characterization of Mucosal Candida albicans Biofilms. PLoS One 4(11), e7967.
Donlan RM, Costerton JW. 2002. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clinical microbiology reviews 15(2), 167-93.
Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Hoyer LL,McCormick T, Ghannoum MA. 2001. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. Journal of Bacteriology 183, 5385–5394.
Ramage G, VandeWalle K, Wickes BL, Lopez-Ribot JL. 2001a. Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, 2475–2479.
Vuong C, Kocianova S, Voyich JM, Yao Y, Fischer ER, DeLeo FR, Otto M. 2004. A crucial role for exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation, immune evasion, and virulence. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 54881–54886.
Ramage G, Martinez JP, Lopez-Ribot JL. 2006. Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem. FEMS Yeast Research 6, 979–986.
Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK Jr, Calandra TF, Edwards JE Jr, Filler SG, Fisher JF, Kullberg BJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD. 2009. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases 48(5), 503-35.
Hawser SP, Douglas LJ. 1995. Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39, 2128–2131.
Kuhn DM, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. 2002a. Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces. Infect Immun 70, 878–888.
Bizerra FC, Vaturu, C, de Poersch C, Estivalet TI, Borsato RM, Goldenberg S, Krieger MA, Yamada-Ogatta SF. 2008. Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida tropicalis and antifungal resistance. FEMS Yeast Research 8, 442–450.
Kucharikova S, Tournu H, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P, Bujdakova H. 2011. Detailed comparison of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms under different conditions and their susceptibility to caspofungin and anidulafungin. Journal of Medical Microbiology 60(9), m1261-9.
Tumbarello M, Posteraro B, Trecarichi EM, Fiori B, Rossi M, Porta R, de Gaetano DK, La SM, Spanu T, Fadda G, Cauda R, Sanguinetti M. 2007. Biofilm production by Candida species and inadequate antifungal therapy as predictors of mortality for patients with candidemia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45, 1843–1850.
Trofa D, Gácser A, Nosanchuk JD. 2008. Candida parapsilosis, an emerging fungal pathogen. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21, 606–625.
Katragkou A, Chatzimoschou A, Simitsopoulou M, Dalakiouridou M, Diza-Mataftsi E, Tsantali C, Roilides E. 2008. Differential activities of newer antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, 357–360.
Chatzimoschou A, Katragkou A, Simitsopoulou M, Antachopoulos C, Georgiadou E, Walsh TJ, Roilides E. 2011. Activities of Triazole-Echinocandin Combinations against Candida Species in Biofilms and as Planktonic Cells. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 55(5), 1968–1974.
Jin Y, Yip HK, Samaranayake YH, Yau JY, Samaranayake LP. 2003. Biofilm- forming ability of Candida albicans is unlikely to contribute to high levels of oral yeasts carriage in cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41, 2961–7.
Junqueira JC, Fuchs BB, Muhammed M. 2011. Oral Candida albicans isolates from HIV- positive individuals have similar in vitro biofilmforming ability and pathogenicity as invasive Candida isolates. BMC Microbiology 11, 247.
Kuhn DM, George T, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. 2002b. Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46(6), 1773-80.
Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. 2008. In vitro growth and analysis of Candida biofilms. Nat Protoc 3(12), 1909-24.
Nweze EI, Ghannoum A, Chandra J, Ghannoum MA, Mukherjee PK. 2012. Development of a 96-well catheter-based microdilution method to test antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67(1), 149-53.
Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. 1995. Microbial biofilms. Annual Review of Microbiology 49, 711-745.
Hawser SP, Douglas LJ. 1994. Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro. Infection and Immunity 62, 915–921.
Da Silva WJ, Seneviratne J, Samaranayake LP, Del Bel Cury AA. 2010. Bioactivity and architecture of Candida albicans biofilms developed on poly (methyl methacrylate) resin surface. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 94, 149–56.
Seneviratne CJ, Silva WJ, Jin LJ, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. 2009. Architectural analysis, viability assessment and growth kinetics of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms. Archives of Oral Biology 54, 1052–60.
Parahitiyawa NB, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP, Ye J, Tsang PWK, Cheung BPK, Yau JYY, Yeung SKW. 2006. Interspecies variation in Candida biofilm formation studied using the Calgary biofilm device. APMIS 114: 298–306.
Silva S, Henriques M, Martins A, Oliveira R, Williams D, Azeredo J. 2009. Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: quantification, structure and matrix composition. Medical Mycology 47(7), 681-9.
Nett JE, Cain MT, Crawford K, Andes DR. 2011. Optimizing a Candida biofilm microtiter plate model for measurement of antifungal susceptibility by tetrazolium salt assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49, 1426–33.
Nobile CJ, Mitchell AP. 2005. Regulation of cell- surface genes and biofilm formation by the C. albicans transcription factor Bcr1p. Current Biology 15, 1150–5.
Estivill D, Arias A, Torres- Lana A, Carrillo- Mu~noz AJ, Arevalo MP. 2011 Biofilm formation by five species of Candida on three clinical materials. Journal of Microbiological Methods 86, 238–42.
Fiori B, Posteraro B, Torelli R, Tumbarello M, Perlinhttp DS, Fadda G, Sanguinetti M. 2011. In Vitro Activities of Anidulafungin and Other Antifungal Agents against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Different Candida and Aspergillus Species. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55(6), 3031-3035.
Ramage Ramage G, VandeWalle K, Wickes BL, L´opez-Ribot JL. 2001b. Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología 18, 163–170.
Seneviratne CJ, Jin LJ, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. 2008. Cell Density and Cell Aging as Factors Modulating Antifungal Resistance of Candida albicans Biofilms Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52(9),3259–3266.
Ayesha Aslam, Zulfiqar Ali Malik, Naeem Akhtar, Jyotsna Chandra, Kanwal Rafique, Fariha Hasan, Aamer Ikram, Samiullah Khan, Malik Badshah, Mahmood A. Ghannoum, Aamer Ali Shah (2021), Characterization of biofilms produced by Candida species isolated from tertiary care hospitals, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; IJB, V18, N4, April, P111-122
https://innspub.net/characterization-of-biofilms-produced-by-candida-species-isolated-from-tertiary-care-hospitals-rawalpindi-pakistan/
Copyright © 2021
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0