Impact of attaabad landslide induce lake on livelihood of upstream population of upper Hunza, District Hunza-Nagar

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/03/2015
Views (386) Download (8)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Impact of attaabad landslide induce lake on livelihood of upstream population of upper Hunza, District Hunza-Nagar

Karamat Ali, Farida Begum, Qamar Abbas, Rehmat Karim, Shaukat Ali, Haibat Ali, Muhammad Akbar, Salar Ali, Sultan Ishaq
J. Bio. Env. Sci.6( 3), 54-64, March 2015.
Certificate: JBES 2015 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

Pakistan is located at the cross-roads of plate boundaries, experiencing multiple hazards of earthquake, flood, glacier lake outburst flooding, drought, salinization, water-logging and recurrent landslides. This paper attempts to examine the impact of 2010 Attaabad landslide on livelihood of upper stream population of upper Hunza, Pakistan. A total 128 questionnaires were filled in from the disaster affected victims. However, secondary data were obtained from the Geological survey of Pakistan, National disaster management authority and Focus Humanitarian Assistance for Pakistan. The upstream population of upper Hunza lost their major source of income from potato which is due to landslide induced lake and lake water inundated into agricultural land and submerged Karakoram highway. On other side the export and import of agricultural products, fruits and access to basic needs of life such as health care, electricity and education of students and children severely affected. The study findings revealed that the high uncertainty about their future, because of unintended creation of Attaabad Lake. The roadblock has limited the accessibility of these food supplies and inflated prices beyond what most people can afford. This has inflicted terrible damages to human lives, standing crops, housing, infrastructure and other properties. The landslide induced lake teaches important lessons about hazard assessment, disaster management and most importantly, public communication during crises.

VIEWS 15

Abbasi A, Khan MA, Ishfaq M. 2002. Slope failure and landslide mechanism in Murree area North Pakistan. Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar 35, 125-137.

Akgün A, Bulut F. 2007. GIS-based landslide susceptibility for Arsin-Yomra (Trabzon, North Turkey) region. Environmental Geology 51, 1377– 1387.

Aleotti P, Chowdhury R. 1999. Landslide hazard assessment: summary review and new perspectives. Bulletin Engineering Geology & Environment 58, 21–44.

Alexander DE. 2008. A brief survey of GIS in mass-movement studies, with reflections on theory and methods. Geomorphology 94, 261–267.

Archer D. 2002. Contrasting Hydrological Regimes in the Upper Indus Basin. Journal of Hydrology 44, 198-210.

Archer DR, Fowler HJ. 2008. Using Meteorological Data to Forecast Seasonal Runoff on the River Jhelum. Journal of Hydrology 361, 10-23.

Ayalew L, Yamagashi H, Ugawa N. 2004. Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based weighted linear combination, the case in Tsugawa area of Agano River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Landslides 1, 73–81.

Badal J, Gonzalez A. 2004. Preliminary Quantitative Assessment of Earthquake Casualties and Damages. Natural hazards 34, 353-374.

Barik GM. 2010. Landsliding susceptibility mapping to inform land use management decision in alter climate. Ph.D., Washington State University.

Calligaris C, Comi M, Tariq S, Khan, H. 2010. Executive Summary of Attaabad Landslide Survey in Hunza. Pakistan: EvK2CNR.

Carrara A, Cardinali M, Detti R, Guzzetti F, Pasqui.1991. GIS techniques and statistical models in evaluating landslide hazard. Earth surface Processes 16,427–445.

Carrara A, Cardinali M, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P. 1995. GIS technology in mapping landslide hazard. In: Carrara A, Guzzetti F (eds) Geographical information systems in assessing natural hazards. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 135–175.

Chen SC, Ferng JW, Wang YT. 2008. Assessment of disaster resilience capacity of

Clerici A, Perego S, Tellini C, Vescovi P. 2002. A procedure for landslide susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method. Geomorphology 48,349–364.

Clerici A, Perego S.2000.Simulation of the Parma River blockage by the Corniglio landside (Northern Italy). Geomorphology 33, 1–23.

Costa JE, Schuster RL .1991. Documented historical landslide dams from around the world. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 91, 486–239.

Cui P, Zhu YY, Han YS, Chen XQ, Zhuang JQ. 2009. The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes: distribution and preliminary risk evaluation. Landslides 6, 209–223.

Davy MC, Koen TB, 2013. Variation in soil organic carbon for two soil types and six land uses in the Murray Catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Soil Research 5, 155-164.

Dehn M, Buma J. 2000. Impact of climate change on a landslide in South east France. Climate Research 15, 69-81.

Ercanoglu M, Gokceoglu C. 2002. Assessment of landslide susceptibility for landslide-prone area (north of Yenice, NW Turkey) by fuzzy approach. Environmental Geology 41,720–730.

Ermini L, Casagli N. 2003. Prediction of the behavior of landslide dams using a geomorphologic dimensionless index. Earth Surf Process Land 28, 31–47.

Fort M, Cossart E. 2011. Consequences of Landslide Dams on Alpine River Valleys. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 62, 75-88.

GB-EPA. 2013. Quantities and characteristics of solid waste in seven urban centers of Gilgit –Baltistan (GB), Version 2.0, Gilgit-Baltistan Environmental protection agency, Pakistan.

Glade T, Crozier M, Smith P. 2000 Applying probability determination to refine landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds using an empirical Antecedent Daily Rainfall Model. Pure Appled Geophysics 57, 1059–1079.

Gokceogle C, Duman YT, Sonmez H. 2006. Environmental Impacts of a Large Catastrophic Landslide. The Geological Society of London. 1-7.

Gordon IS, Jr, DR. 2011.Using Landsliding Hazard Information in Planning. Journal of American Planning Association, 53, 431-442.

Guba EG, Lincoln YS. 1981. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. hillslope communities with high risk for geological hazards. Eng Geol 98, 86–101.

Horelli AJ. 2005. Landslide in Hong Kong. PhD, University of Helsinki.

Howell DG, Ramsey DW. 2010. How Useful is Landslide Hazard Information. Journal of Geology 41,368-381.

Hughes R. 2003. Attaabad Landslide Hunza Valley Northern Area Pakistan. Pakistan.

Hussain HS, Awan AA. 2009. Causative Mechanisms of Terrain Movement in Hunza Valley. Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan.

Ichang WD. 1999.The environmental Impact of Landslide on the Population Living on the Eastern Footslopes of the Aberdare Ranges in Kenya. Environmental Geology 1, 260-264.

IFRCC. 1999. World disasters report. International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva.

Kakar ZK, Sakhi M, Khilji BA. 2012. Socio-Economic Effects of Attaabad Lake: A Case Study of Hunza. Journal of International Academic Research Vol.12, No.1.

Karancı AN. 1999. Psycho-social dimensions of earthquakes: Erzincan, Dinar and 17 August 1999 earthquakes’, Turkish Psychological Bulletin 5, 55-8.

Khan AN, Jalloh S, Moughtin C. 1994. Towards an Appraisal of Landslide hazard Reduction Programme in Murree. Pakistan Journal of Geographers 4, 15-30.

Khan AN, Rahman A. 2006. Landslide Hazards in the Mountainous Region of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Geographers 16, 38-51.

Khan AN. 1994. Evaluation of the Adverse Effects of Landslides on Housing in Pakistan. Journal of Rural Development 26, 119-140.

Khan B. 2011. Methodology for community based hazards vulnerability risk assessment in Gilgit district, Gilgit-Baltistan. UNDP regional climate risk reduction project for Himalayas Pakistan.World Wide Fund, Gilgit. Pakistan.

Khan ME. 2005. The death toll from natural disasters: the role of income, geography and institutions, The Review of Economics and Statistics 87, 271-284.

Kreutzmann   H. 1991. The   Karakoram   Highway. Modern Asian Studies 25(4), 711–736.

Kreutzmann H. 1993. Challenge and response in the Karakoram: Socioeconomic transformation in Hunza, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development 13(1), 19–39.

Lanteri L, Ramasco M. 2005. Systematic GIS-based Landslide Inventory as the first step for Effective landslide Management. Journal of Landside Studies 2, 291-301.

Lee S, Pradhan B. 2006. Probabilistic landslides hazards and risk mapping on PenangIsland, Malaysia. Journal Earth Sciences 6, 661–672

Lee S, Ryu JH, Won JS, Park HJ. 2004. Determination and application of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an artificial neural network. Engineering Geology 17, 289–302.

Malamud BD, Turcotte DL, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P. 2004. Landslide inventories and their statistical properties. Earth Surfce Process Landform 29,687–711.

Msilimba, GG. 2010. The socioeconomic and environmental effects of the 2003 landslides in the Rumphi and Ntcheu District Malawi. Natural Hazards 53, 347-360.

NDMA .National Disaster Management Authority Pakistan. 2010b. Hunza landslide one-page report, July 2.http://www.ndma.gov.pk/AttaHunzaLandslide.htm l; accessed on 27 April 2012.

NDMA [National Disaster Management Authority Pakistan]. 2010a. Hunza landslide one-page report, June 21.http://www.ndma.gov.pk/AttaHunzaLandslide.ht ml; accessed on 27 April 2012.

Noy I. 2008. The macroeconomic consequences of disasters, Journal of Development Economics 88, 221-231.

Pamir  Times.  June  18,  2010.  Available  online: www.pamirtimes.pk.com

Pamir Times. 2009. Attaabad, Hunza:A battleground for nature and men. December 14. http://pamirtimes.net/2009/12/14/attabad-hunza-a-battleground-for-nature-and-men/; accessed on 27 April 2012.

Petley D. 2010 The Attaabad landslide crisis in Hunza, Pakistan-Lessons for the management of valley blocking landslide. Institute of Hazard risk and resilience, and international landslide centre in the department of Geography. Durham University, United Kingdom.

Petley D. 2010. Accelerating rate of filling at the Attabad landslide in Hunza, Pakistan. Dave’s Landslide Blog.

Petley D. 2010. The landslide at Attaabad – new videos of the spillways and the drowning land upstream. Dave’s Landslide Blog. Accessed May 10, 2010.

Petley ND, Hearn JG, Hart A. 2007. Trends in Landslide Occurrence in Nepal. Natural Hazards 43, 23-44.

Petley, D. 2010. Hunza Landslide monitoring, Current issues in Pakistan, 9 June 2010, 1-13.

Petley, D. 2010. Inflow to the landslide lake at Attabad. Dave’s Landslide Blog.

Rahman A, Khan, AN, Collins, AE, Qazi F. 2011. Causes and extent of environmental impacts of landslide hazard in the Himalayan Region. Natural Hazards 53, 347-360.

Sökefeld M. 2012. The Attaabad landslide and the politics of disaster in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan. In: Luig U, editor. Negotiating Disasters: Politics, Representation, Meaning. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang, pp 175–204.

Sökefeld M. 2012. Visualizing disaster: Gojal after the Attabad landslide in northern Pakistan. Tsantsa 17, 212–224.

Stainback S, 1988. Understanding and conducting qualitative research. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Company.

Stake ER. 1995.  The  art  of  case  study  research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Thakur VC. 1996. Landslide hazard Management and control in India. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Katmandu, Nepal.

Wood G, Malik A. 2006. Sustaining livelihoods and overcoming insecurity. In: Wood G, Malik A, Sagheer S, editors. Valleys in Transition: Twenty Years of Aga Khan Rural Support for Pakistan Experience in Northern Pakistan. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University.

Yuan R, Yang YS, Qiu X, Ma FS. 2006. Environmental hazard analysis and effective remediation of highway seepage. J Hazard Mater 142, 381–388.