In-vivo and in-vitro evaluation on the anthelmintic efficacy of sweet tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) aqueous leaf extract against Ascaridia galli in Philippine native chicken
Paper Details
In-vivo and in-vitro evaluation on the anthelmintic efficacy of sweet tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) aqueous leaf extract against Ascaridia galli in Philippine native chicken
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Pithecellobium dulce aqueous extract against Ascaridia galli in native chicken using in-vivo and in-vitro conditions. The trials were carried out from October to December 2022. Sixty(60) Philippine native chickens were used in the in vivo experiment, while 60 adult Ascaridia galli worms were used in the in vitro experiment. A completely randomized design was used in the study. There were four treatment groups with five replicates in each treatment and each replicate has 3 animal samples each. Treatment 1 has 20% extract, Treatment 2 has 50% and the Treatment 3 has 100% extract. The fourth group constituted the control group where animals were dosed with a commercial dewormer, Levamisole Hydrochloride + Albendazole (Bastonero Plus), and was given using the manufacturer’s recommendation. For the in vivo experiment, fecal samples were collected before and after treatment with the test drug at day 0, day 7 and day 14 and were analysed using the McMaster technique. The results obtained were recorded as egg per gram (EPG) of fecal sample. The percentage mean fecal egg counts reductions (FECR%) were used for the analysis of the data. It was observed that Pithecellobium dulce aqueous extract had the ability to reduce the fecal egg counts of Agaridida galli of chicken. In the in vitro experiment, it was found out that the extract also has the ability to induce paralysis in adult worms. Overall, there was a significant difference in the results when Treatment 1(20%) and Treatment 2(50%) are compared with the positive control group while Treatment 3(100%) and the positive control group has no significant difference, indicating that Pithecellobium dulce is as effective as the conventional dewormer when given in high concentrations. The secondary metabolites identified form t he leaves of Pithecellobium dulce extract mainly include alkaloids, phenols and most especially tannins. This diversity of compounds present in the leaves of Pithecellobium dulce has dealt great effects on the results of the experiment.
Abebe B, Mekonnen A, Mihretu A. Review on major gastrointestinal parasites that affect chickens.
Ackert J, Permin A. 2017. A report of Ascaridia galli in commercial poultry egg from India. Journal of World Poultry Research 7(1), 23–26.
Athnasiadou S, Kyriazakis F, Jackson RL, Coop RL. 2001. Direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins towards different gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: In vitro and in vivo studies. Veterinary Parasitology 99, 205–219.
Butcher GD, Davis MA. 2016. Intestinal and tracheal parasites of poultry. Merck Veterinary Manual, 11th edition.
Chandran PGR, Balaji S. 2008. Phytochemical investigation and pharmacological studies of the flowers of Pithecellobium dulce. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 245–253.
Egharevba RKA, Ikhatua MI. 2008. Ethno-medical uses of plants in treating skin diseases in Ovia North East, Edo State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 4(1), 58–64.
Farrell D. 2013. The role of poultry in human nutrition. Poultry Development Review. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Geeta HP, Shakshikumar JN, Champawat S, Srinivas G. 2018. A review on Pithecellobium dulce: A potential medicinal tree.
Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Sivakumar R. 2013. Larvicidal and ovicidal efficacy of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Fabaceae) against Anopheles stephensi Liston and Aedes aegypti Linn. Indian Journal of Medical Research 138, 129–134.
Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R, Rajeswary M, Yogalakshmi K. 2012. Adulticidal activity of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. against Culex. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 124–128.
Hansen JW. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of poultry parasites. FAO Animal Production and Health Division.
Hao DC. 2019. Genomics and evolution of medicinal plants in Ranunculales. Medicinal Plants.
Kaushik VK, Jamakhandi V. 2018. Medicinal uses of Pithecellobium dulce and its health benefits.
Khanzada SK, Khanzada AK, Shaikh W, Ali SA. 2013. Phytochemical studies on Pithecellobium dulce Benth: A medicinal plant of Sindh, Pakistan. 45(2), 557–561.
Kholik RR, Yunitaningrum AL, Septiyani E, Situmorang FJIC, Mashur, Atma CD. 2019. Fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for measurement of gastrointestinal helminth resistance to anthelmintic of Bali cattle in North Lombok. AIP Conference Proceedings 2199, 050006.
Lim YY, Murtijaya J. 2007. Antioxidant properties of Phyllanthus amarus extracts as affected by different drying methods. LWT–Food Science and Technology 40, 1664–1669.
Martin JL. The fecal egg count reduction test using the Wisconsin sugar flotation technique.
Megha J, Geetha A. 2012. Acute and subacute toxicity study of hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of Pithecellobium dulce. 26(12), 1167–1175.
Mule R, Potdar P, Jadhav R, Disouza J. 2011. Neuropharmacological profile of aqueous and ethanolic extract of Pithecellobium dulce Benth leaves in mice. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics 3(1).
Mungube EO, Nnadi PA, George SO. 2014. Study of gastrointestinal parasites of scavenging chickens in Fako Division, Southwest Cameroon. Journal of Advances in Parasitology 1(2), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jap/1.2.30.34
Ojo SO. 2003. Productivity and technical efficiency of poultry egg production in Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science 2(6), 459–464.
Okoye TC, Okereke EK, et al. 2014. Safe African medicinal plants for clinical studies. In Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants.
Poulsen J, Permin A, Hindsbo O, Yelifari L, Nansen P, Bloch P. 2000. Prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal helminths and haemoparasites in young scavenging chickens in upper eastern Ghana. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 45(3-4), 237–245.
Putril RR, Gupta A, Naraniwal M, Kothari V. Modern extraction methods for bioactive plant extracts. Institute of Science, Nirma University.
Rajeswary M, Govindarajan M. 2014. Adulticidal properties of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Family: Fabaceae) against dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4(S1), S449–S452.
Romero N. 2020. In vitro anthelmintic evaluation of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce; fingerprint analysis by UHPLC-Orbitrap MS.
Simirgiotis A, Céspedes A. In vitro anthelmintic evaluation of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Pithecellobium dulce: UHPLC-Orbitrap MS analysis.
Škrovánková S, Machů L, Machů L. 2012. Antioxidant activity and health-protective effects of common medicinal plants. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research.
Srinivas G, Geeta HP, Shashikumar JN, Champawat S. A review on Pithecellobium dulce: A potential medicinal tree.
Sugumaran M. 2008. Free radical scavenging activity of folklore: Pithecellobium dulce Benth leaves. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 446–451.
Sugumaran M, Vetrichelvan T, Darlin Quine S. 2010. In vitro anthelmintic activity of leaf extracts of Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 12(2), 313–314.
Sugumaran M, Vetrichelvan T, Darline Quine S. 2008. Pithecellobium dulce Benth: A review; locomotor activity of leaf extracts of Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 490–493.
Thompson DP, Geary TG. 1995. The structure and function of helminth surfaces. In: Marr JJ (ed.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Parasites, Academic Press, 203–232.
Vigar Z. 1984. Atlas of medical parasitology. 2nd ed. Singapore: P.G. Pub; 242 pp.
Williams AR. 2014. Direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins from diverse plant sources against Ascaris suum.
Ybañez RHD, Resuelo KJG, Kintanar APM, Ybañez AP. 2018. Detection of gastrointestinal parasites in small-scale poultry layer farms in Leyte, Philippines. Veterinary World 11(11), 1587–1591. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1587-1591
Zamin I, Shah JA, Khan I, Majid A, Rehman MM, et al. 2014. In-vitro efficacy of crude extract of Zizipus jujuba against selected bacterial strains. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 4, 1–5.
John Michael U. Tabil, 2025. In-vivo and in-vitro evaluation on the anthelmintic efficacy of sweet tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce) aqueous leaf extract against Ascaridia galli in Philippine native chicken. Int. J. Biosci., 27(5), 247-254.
Copyright © 2025 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.