Investigation of leaching process heavy metals (Fe, Zn) in the soil under sewage sludge application by using hydrus-1D
Paper Details
Investigation of leaching process heavy metals (Fe, Zn) in the soil under sewage sludge application by using hydrus-1D
Abstract
Transport of dissolved material in the soil is a dynamic process which a set of differential equations that are solved with the help of computers. Hydrus-1D software is one of the most advanced software in conjunction with one-dimensional movement of water, salts in the soil. In the present study, changes in Fe and Zn concentrations were measured in soils and leaching water affected by wastewater and sludge. Concentrations of heavy metals were considered in wastewater and sludge as boundary conditions on the flow of incoming water, the concentration of iron and zinc were identified in leaching water as the downstream boundary. Considering the equilibrium model Crank Nicholson and Galerkin finite element by software Haydrus, concentration changes of Iron and Zinc was simulated over irrigation period. For this purpose the software Haydrus numbered 1 to number of soil layers, Depth of 100 cm, the depth of groundwater. Time period of irrigation was 150 days. Distribution curves of Fe and Zn concentrations in the soil profile shows the experimental results with computational results obtained from the model are similar. And it can be applied in order to determine the concentration distribution of metals in the non- Unsaturated zone soil and anticipated arrival time to a specified depth. It can be used to control metal concentrations in the soil and groundwater. Accuracy and validity of the model by experimental results has been confirmed for iron and zinc and it can be used in practical cases safely.
Appelo CAJ, Postma D. 2005. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution, Second edition. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 45-49.
Behbahaninia A, Mirbagheri SA, Khorasani N, Nouri J, Javid A. 2009. Heavy metals contamination of municipal effluent in Soil and Plant. International Journal of Food, Agriculture Environment, 7(3, 4), 851-856.
Black CA. 1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, ASA, Madison, WI. 93-98.
Camobreco VJ, Richards BK, Steenhuis TS, Peverly JH, McBride MB. 1996. Movement of heavy metals through undistributed and homogenized soil columns. Soil Science. 161 (11), 740–750.
Jacques D. Šimůnek J. Mallants D, van Genuchten M.Th. 2008. Modelling coupled water flow, solute transport and geochemical reactions affecting heavy metal migration in a podzol soil. Geoderma 145 (2008), 449–461. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.01.009
Jacques D, Šimůnek J, Mallants D, van Genuchten M Th. 2013.The HPx Reactive Transport Models: Summary of recent developments and applications proceedings of the 4th International Conference Hydrus software applications to subsurface flow and contaminant transport problems, Prague, Czech Republic.
Lichtner PC, Yabusaki S, Pruess K, Steefel CI, 2004. Role of competitive cation exchange on chromatographic displacement of cesium in the vadose zone beneath the Hanford S/SX tank farm. Vadose Zone Journal. 3, 203–219.
Mallants D, van Genuchten M Th, Šimůnek J, Jacques D, Seetharam S. 2011. Leaching of contaminants to groundwater. In ‘Dealing with Contaminated Sites’, (Ed F Swartjens), 787-850. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9757-6_1, 2011
Mayer KU, Frind EO, Blowes DW. 2002. Multicomponent reactive transport modeling in variably saturated porous media using a generalized formulation for kinetically controlled reactions. Water Resource Research. 38, 1174. doi:10.1029/2001WR000682.
Moshood NT. 2009. Contamination of shallow groundwater system and soil–plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields. Agricultural water management, 96 (3), 437-444.
Salmasi R. Tavassoli A. 2006. Pollution of south of Tehran ground waters with heavy metals. International Journal of Environment Science and Technology, 3(2), 147-152.
Šimůnek J, Šejna M, Saito H, Sakai M, van Genuchten M. Th. 2013. The hydrus-1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media. Version 4.16 department of environmental sciences university of California Riversides 10-15.
Šimůnek J, van Genuchten M. Th. 2008. Modeling nonequilibrium flow and transport processes using Hydrus, Vadose Zone Journal, 7(2), 782-797. doi:10.2136/VZJ2007.0074
Šimůnek J, van Genuchten M. Th, Šejna M. 2011. The Hydrus software package for simulating two and three-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media,technical manual, version 2.0, PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic, 258.
Richards BK, Steenhuis TS , Peverly JH, McBride Mb. 1998. Metal mobility at an old, heavily loaded sludge application site. Environmental pollution 99, 365-377.
Simunek J, Jacque D, Van Genuchten M Th, Malleants D. 2006. Multicomponent geochemical transport modeling using Hydrus-1D and HP1. Journal of the American water resources Association. 42(6), 1537-1547.
Azita Behbahaninia, Maryam Farahani, 2014. Investigation of leaching process heavy metals (Fe, Zn) in the soil under sewage sludge application by using hydrus-1D. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 5(4), 35-41.
Copyright © 2014 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.