Detection of fungi associated with water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in Iraq and their pathogenicity under controlled condition
Paper Details
Detection of fungi associated with water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in Iraq and their pathogenicity under controlled condition
Abstract
The study was carried out in the laboratories at the Faculty of Agriculture, Baghdad University to isolate and identify the species of fungi that associated with water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. The samples were collected from Tigris river side’s at Al- Kraat area in north of Baghdad, Iraq. The presence ratios of fungi were recorded and their pathogenicity was tested. Results of isolation and identification showed the presence of fourteen fungi associated with water Hyacinth leaves including; Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Drechslera sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolin, Mucor sp., Mycelia Sterile Fungi, Pythium aphanidermatum, Ulocladium sp., Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma sp. at different percentages . However, the percentages of presence were deferent and the most frequently were A. alternata and Rhizopus sp. reached 76.33% and 80.40 % respectively. The percentages of the other fungi were ranged between 4.25% -30.60 %. It has been found that nine of these fungi, the more prevalent, showed high capacity of inducing infection on Water hyacinth leaves at percentages ranged between44.4% – 100% compared with zero infection in control. Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizopus sp. were found to be the more pathogenic with disease severity attained to 100 %. Different symptoms were developed on the leaves inoculated with different fungi as spotting and wilting followed by leaves dryness. This is the first report for fungi associated with water hyacinth leaves at Al-Kraat area in Iraq.
Al-Rubaie HF, Al-chamsy BH. 2010. Water hyacinth. Gravity and methods of controlling technical bulletin. Ministry of Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Research p: 38. AL Shammary AJM, Al Zubaidy HK. 2012. Effect of different temperatures degrees on the stages developmental Periods of Water hyacinth chevrouneweevil and MOTTELD Water hyacinth weevil, The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 43(3), (Special Issue) 1-7.
Al-Wagga AH, Sultan AM. 2012 .Effect the Methods and Frequency Of Application By Using Different Doses Of Glyphosate and 2,4-D Herbicides In Controlling Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms and Reducing Contamination In Water. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture 40(1).
Aneja KR. 2003. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology. 4th Ed. New Delhi: New Age International …Publishers.
Barnett HL, Hunter BB. 1998. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. 4th Ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Center TD, Van TK, Dray FA, Franks SJ, Rebelo MT, Pratt PD, Rayamajhi MB. 2005. Herbivory alters competitive interactions between two invasive aquatic plants. Biological Control, 33:173–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.005
Chalabi FT. 1992. Water hyacinth Extention Bulletin -Agriculture and Irrigation – Public Authority for Agricultural Services P: 41.
El-Morsy ME. 2004. Evaluation of micro fungi for biological control of water hyacinth in Egypt. Fungal Divers 16, 35–51.
Euloge FM, Gnancad JA, Léopold S, Paraizo A. 2016. Impact of Different Levels Alternaria Alternata on the Weights, Leaves and the Number of Flowers of the Water Hyacinth in a Controlled Environment Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences Section B 6(3), 973-987.
Fayyad YH. 2009. The impact of the launch of the insects on the biological control of water hyacinth in Egypt. Second Arab Conference of Applied Biological Pest Control, Cairo 10-7. 4, 125-132.
Howard GW, Matindi SW. 2003. Alien Invasive Species in Africa’s Wetlands. Some threats and solutions. IUCN Eastern. African Regional Program, Nairobi, Kenya.
Ibrahim G. 2009 Water hyacinth the coming pest . Journal of Agriculture 30, 53-51.
Leslie JF, Summerell BA. 2006. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK: 978 P.
Lata N, Dubey V. 2010. Eichhornia crassipes a suitable economic feed: the world’s worst aquatic weed. Journal Food. Technology 8, 102–105.
Nelson LS, Shearer JF. 2005. 2,4-D and Mycoleptodiscus terrestris for control of Eurasian water milfoil. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 43, 29–34.
Pathak A, Kannan C. 2011. Isolation and pathogenicity of some native fungal pathogens for the biological management of water hyacinth. Indian Journal of Weed Science 43(3and 4), 178-180.
Ray P, Hill MP. 2012. Fungi associated with Eichhornia crassipes in South Africa and their pathogenicity under controlled conditions, Article in African Journal of Aquatic Science 37(3), 323-331. http://dx.doi.org/12989/16085914.2012.712912
Tegene S, Hussein T, Tessema T, Yirefu F, Carmen B, Gossmann M. 2012. Exploration of fungal pathogens associated with water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Laubach] in.Ethiopia. Africa Journal Agricuture Research 7, 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/Ajar11.222.
Shanab S, Shalaby EA, Lightfoot DA, El-Shemy HA. 2010. Allelopathic effects of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). PLoS. Journal, 5 (10), e13200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013200.
Singh B, Meshram V, Saxena SM, Kumar M. 2016. Mycoherbicidal. Potential of Phaeoacremonium italicum, A. New. Pathogen of Eichhornia crassipes Infesting Harike Wetland, India. Mycobiology, 44(2), 85-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5941/Myco.2016.44.2.85.
Téllez T, López E, Granado G, Pérez E, López R, Guzmán J. 2008. The water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes: an invasive plant in the Guadiana River Basin (Spain). Aquatic Invasions 3, 42-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2008.3.18
Hurria Hussien Al-Juboory, Hussein Sadeq Musa, 2018. Detection of fungi associated with water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in Iraq and their pathogenicity under controlled condition. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 12(2), 24-31.
Copyright © 2018 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.