Morphological Analysis on the Body Shape of Oreochromis niloticus using Fluctuating Asymmetry as an Indicator of Stress in Major River Tributaries of Bayog Watershed

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/03/2021
Views (437) Download (23)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Morphological Analysis on the Body Shape of Oreochromis niloticus using Fluctuating Asymmetry as an Indicator of Stress in Major River Tributaries of Bayog Watershed

Rosanilio M. Yagos
Int. J. Biosci.18( 3), 214-227, March 2021.
Certificate: IJB 2021 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

This study utilized the fluctuating asymmetry as a biomarker of stress in the morphology of O. niloticus from the river tributaries of Bayog Watershed, Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur. A total of 136 samples were used in this study, distributed into 17 males and 17 females for each of the sampling sites. Then, it was landmarked with the use of thin plate spline (TPS) series.  Eighteen anatomical landmarks were selected on fish images and were subjected to Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric Data (SAGE) software. Procrustes two-way mixed model ANOVA showed significant levels of both directional and fluctuating asymmetries (FA) among populations and between sexes.  However, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that populations from Depore, Dipili and Guinoman rivers have relatively higher fluctuating asymmetry compared to Sibugay river based on localized trait asymmetry and the number of affected landmarks. Thus, it indicates more stress or disturbances experienced by the three populations of O. niloticus compared to the Sibugay river.  Understanding the relationship between the species and its environment would be useful to determine the health of a given freshwater ecosystem. This might be essential to the local government for inclusion in the policies for the management of the river system and future studies in the area.

VIEWS 37

Agah H, Leermakers M, Elskens M, Fatemi SM, Baeyens W. 2009. Accumulation of trace metals in the muscles and liver tissues of five fish species from the Persian Gulf. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 157, 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0551-8

Allenbach DM, 2011. Fluctuating asymmetry and exogenous stress in fishes: a review. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 21, 355-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9178-2

Assis CRD, Linhares AG, Oliveira VM, França RCP, Carvalho EVM, Bezerra RS, De Carvalho LB. 2012. Comparative effect of pesticides on brain acetylcholinesterase in tropical fish. Science of the Total Environment 441, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.058

Barrett C. 2005. Fluctuating dental asymmetry as an indicator of stress in prehistoric native Americans of the Ohio River Valley. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/

Buitrago–Suarez UA, Burr BM. 2007. Taxonomy of the catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) with recognition of eight species. Zootaxa 1512, 1-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1512.1.1

Cabuga CC, Jumawan JH, Jumawan JC, Cortez EMB, Salvaleon SMN, Gamutan KJS, Dollisen MGG, Suico ALG, Requieron EA, Torres MAJ. 2106. Probing the exposure to environmental stress using fluctuating asymmetry of metric traits in Johnius vogleri, (Bleeker, 1853) from lower Agusan River basin, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 9, 122-132.

Chang X, Zhai B, Liu X, Wang M. 2007. Effects of temperature stress and pesticide exposure on fluctuating asymmetry and mortality of Copera annulata (selys) (Odonata: Zygoptera) larvae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67, 120-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.04.004

Costa C, Cataudell S. 2007. Relationship between shape and trophic ecology of selected species of Sparids of the Caprolace coastal lagoon (Central Tyrrhenian sea). Environmental Biology of Fishes 78, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-006-9081-9

Daloso DM. 2014. The ecological context of bilateral symmetry of organ and organisms. Natural Science 6, 184-190. https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2014.64022

Demayo CG, Harun SA, Torres MAJ. 2013. Procrustes analysis of wing shape divergence among sibling species of Neurothemis dragonflies. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5, 748-759.

Dongen SV. 2006. Fluctuating asymmetry and developmental instability in evolutionary biology: past, present and future. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19(6), 1727-1743. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01175.x

Dorado EL, Torres MAJ, Demayo CG. 2012. Sexual dimorphism in body shapes of the spotted barb fish, Puntius binotatus of Lake Buluan in Mindanao, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 5, 321-329.

Dubus IG, Hollis JM, Brown CD. 2000. Pesticide in rainfall in Europe. Environmental Pollution 110, 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00295-X

Ducos MB and Tabugo SRM. 2015. Fluctuating asymmetry as bioindicator of stress and developmental instability in Gafrarium tumidum (ribbed venus clam) from coastal areas of Iligan Bay, Mindanao, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 8, 292-299.

Escos JM, Alados CL, Pugnaire FI, Puigdefábregas J, Emlen JM. 2000. Stress resistance strategy in an arid land shrub: interactions between developmental instability and fractal dimension. Journal of Arid Environment 45, 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.0641

Estes EC, Katholi CR, Angus RA. 2006. Elevated fluctuating asymmetry in eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) from a river receiving paper mill effluent. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 1026-1033. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-079R1.1

Franco A, Malavasi S, Pranovi F, Nasci C, Torricelli P. 2002. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Teleostei, Gobiidae) as indicators of environmental stress in the Venice lagoon. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 9, 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024010813669

Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH. 2004. A multibiomarker approach to environmental assessment. Environmental Science Technology 38, 1723–1731. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030570+

Graham JH, Raz S, Hel-Or H, Nevo E. 2010. Fluctuating Asymmetry: Methods, Theory, and Applications. Symmetry 2, 466-540. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym2020466

Green CC, Lochmann SE. 2006. Fluctuating asymmetry and condition in golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) reared in sublethal concentrations of isopropyl methylphosphonic acid. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-554R.1

Hermita Z M, Gorospe JG, Torres MAJ, Lumasag GJ, Demayo CG. 2013.  Fluctuating asymmetry in the body shape of the mottled spinefoot fish, Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn, 1782) collected from different bays in Mindanao Island, Philippines. Science International (Lahore) 25, 857-861.

Jawad L, Sadighzadeh Z, Al-Mamary D. 2011. Fluctuating asymmetry in the otolith length, width and thickness in two pelagic fish species collected from the Persian Gulf near Bandar Abbas. Scientific and Research Center of the Republic of Slovenia. Annales. Series Historia Naturalis 22, 83-88.

Jumawan JH, Abastillas SOMAL, Dicdican MJA, Cabag MB, Gamolo EM, Velasco JPB, Cabuga Jr CC, Mordeno Y, Requieron EA, Torres MAJ. 2016. Fluctuating asymmetry in the body shapes of goby fish Glossogobius giuris from Agusan River, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 9, 133-142.

Klingenberg CP. 2015. Analyzing fluctuating asymmetry with geometric morphometrics: concepts, methods, and applications. Symmetry 7, 843-934. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020843

Lecera JMI, Pundung NAC, Banisil MA, Flamiano RS, Torres MAJ, Belonio CL, Requieron EA. 2015. Fluctuating asymmetry analysis of trimac Amphilophus trimaculatus as indicator of the current ecological health condition of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 8, 507-516.

Lens L, Dongen SV, Mathysen E. 2001. Fluctuating asymmetry as an early warning system in the criticality endangered Taita Thrush. Conservation biology 16, 479-487. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00516.x

Marquez E. 2007. SAGE: symmetry and asymmetry in geometric data. Ver 1.04. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~emarquez/morph/

Natividad EMC, Dalundong ARO, Ecot J, Jumawan JH, Torres MAJ, Requieron EA. 2015. Fluctuating asymmetry as bioindicator of ecological condition in the body shapes of Glossogobius celebius from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 8, 323-331.

Oxnevad SA, Heibo E, Vollestad LA. 2002. Is there a relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and reproductive investment in perch (Perca fluvialtilis)? Canadian journal of zoology 80, 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1139/z01-215

Ozsoy DE, Erkmen B, Ozeren C, Kolankaya D. 2012. Detection of aquatic pollution in meric river by a measure of developmental instability, fluctuating asymmetry in the fish, common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 1758. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 11, 1213-1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.413

Palmer AR, Strobeck C. 2003. Fluctuating asymmetry analyses revisited. In: Developmental instability. Causes and consequences. Polak M. (ed), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 279-319.

Pascual S, Abollo E. 2003. Accumulation of heavy metals in the whaleworm Anisakis simplex s.l. (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, 905-906. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315403008038h

Peligro VC, Jumawan JC. 2016. Assessment of fluctuating asymmetry in the body shapes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Masao river, Butuan city, Philippines. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 9, 604-613.

Rohlf FJ. 2006. TpsDig Version 2.10. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/

Romanov NS, Kovalev MY. 2004. Fluctuating asymmetry in goldfish Carassius auratus gibelio (Cyprinidae) from some water bodies of the Far East. Journal of Ichthyology/Voprosy Ikhtiologii 44, 109-114.

Tabugo SRM, Yuto CMM, Lumogdang L. 2016. Fluctuating asymmetry as an Indicator of Ecological Stress in Rhinocypha colorata (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) in Iligan City, Mindanao. Philippines. Entomology and Applied Science Letters 3, 13-20.

Turan C. 1999. A note on the examination of morphometric differentiation among fish populations: the Truss System. Tropical Journal of Zoology 23, 259-263.

Turan C, Den DE, Rlek MG, Babusta N, Turan F. 2004. Morphometric structuring of the anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L.) in the Black, Aegean and Northeastern Mediterranean Seas. Turkish journal of veterinary and animal sciences 28, 865-871.

Utayopas P. 2001. Fluctuating Asymmetry in Fishes Inhabiting Potluted and Unpolluted Bodies of Water in Thailand. Thammasat International Journal of Science & Technology 6, 10-20.

Van Valen L. 1962. A study of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution 16, 125–142. https://doi.org/10.2307/2406192

Vasconcellos AV, Vianna P, Pavia PC, Schama R, Sole-Cava R. 2008. Genetic and morphometric differences between yellow tail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus, Lutjanidae) populations of the tropical West Atlantic. Genetics and Molecular Biology 31, 308-316. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572008000200026

Vollestad LA, Hindar K. 2001. Developmental stability in brown trout: are there any effects of heterozygosity or environmental stress?. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74, 351-364. https://doi.org/10.1006/bijl.2001.0585