Mosquitoes and viruses are dual threat to Pakistan: in the era of climate change
Paper Details
Mosquitoes and viruses are dual threat to Pakistan: in the era of climate change
Abstract
In the era of climate change, about 80 % of global population is at risk to vector borne viral diseases. The climate changes imparted a significant impact upon the mosquito’s ecosystems. Mosquito population highly affected by the temperature variability and water resources. Mosquitoes are insects, feed on blood and transmit pathogenic viruses via biting the particular host. Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Zika fever and West Nile are most prevalent mosquitoes borne viral diseases in Pakistan. Mosquitoes breeding sites are water bodies, discarded tyres harbouring water, water tanks, bottles, cups and ant traps. Pakistan bears the poor living standards therefore, morbidity and mortality rates are much higher with respect to other countries due to these arboviruses diseases. There should be proper sanitation and preventive strategies for elimination of vectors like mosquitoes. This review article aims to highlight the current and future threats of mosquitoes borne viral diseases in Pakistan, in relation to climate change. Proper measures should also be taken to reduce the impact of climate change. If the appropriate steps should not be taken situation become more threatening to Pakistan.
Ali I, Dasti JI. 2018. Chikungunya virus: an emerging arbovirus in Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 68(2), 252-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4054
Ashfaq M, Hebert PD, Mirza JH, Khan AM, Zafar Y, Mirza MS. 2014. Analyzing mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) diversity in Pakistan by DNA barcoding. PLoS One 9(5). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097268
Badar N, Salman M, Ansari J, Ikram A, Qazi J, Alam MM. 2019. Epidemiological trend of chikungunya outbreak in Pakistan: 2016–2018. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 13(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007118
Badawi A, Velummailum R, Ryoo SG, Senthinathan A, Yaghoubi S, Vasileva D, Arora P. 2018. Prevalence of chronic comorbidities in dengue fever and West Nile virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 13(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200200
Bonizzoni M, Gasperi G, Chen X, James A A. 2013. The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Trends in parasitology 29(9), 460-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.003
Caminade C, McIntyre KM, Jones AE. 2019. Impact of recent and future climate change on vector‐borne diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1436(1), 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13950
Chatchen S, Sabchareon A, Sirivichayakul C. Serodiagnosis of asymptomatic dengue infection. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 10(1), 11-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.12.002
Chouin-Carneiro T, Vega-Rua A, Vazeille M, Yebakima A, Girod R, Goindin D, Failloux AB. 2016. Differential susceptibilities of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the Americas to Zika virus. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 10(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004543
Ciota AT, Bialosuknia SM, Ehrbar DJ, Kramer LD. 2017. Vertical transmission of Zika virus by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Emerging infectious diseases 23(5), 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.162041
Dom NC, Ahmad AH, Ismail R. 2013. Habitat characterization of Aedes sp. breeding in urban hotspot area. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 85, 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.342
Fakhruddin M, Putra PS, Wijaya KP, Sopaheluwakan A, Satyaningsih R, Komalasari KE, Soewono E. 2019. Assessing the interplay between dengue incidence and weather in Jakarta via a clustering integrated multiple regression model. Ecological Complexity 39, 100768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100768
Fox JM, Diamond MS. 2016. Immune-mediated protection and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus. The Journal of Immunology 197(11), 4210-4218. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160142
Ghanchi N, Shakoor S, Thaver A, Khan M, Janjua A, Beg M. 2016. Current situation and challenges in implementing malaria control strategies in Pakistan. Critical reviews in microbiology 42(4), 588-593. https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2014.973368
Guisan A, Broennimann O, Buri A, Cianfrani C, D’Amen M, Di Cola V, Pinto E. 2019. Climate change impacts on mountain biodiversity. In Biodiversity and Climate Change (pp. 221-233): Yale University Press.
Huang YJS, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. 2019. Arbovirus-mosquito vector-host interactions and the impact on transmission and disease pathogenesis of arboviruses. Frontiers in microbiology 10, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00022
Haroon M, Jan H, Faisal S, Ali N, Kamran M, Ullah F. 2019. Dengue Outbreak in Peshawar: Clinical Features and Laboratory Markers of Dengue Virus Infection. Journal of infection and public health 12(2), 258-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.138
Hasan S, Jamdar SF, Alalowi M, Al Beaiji SMAA. 2016. Dengue virus: A global human threat: Review of literature. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 6(1), 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.175416
Ilahi I, Suleman M. 2013. Species composition and relative abundance of mosquitoes in Swat, Pakistan. International Journalof Innovation Applied Studies, 2. http://www.issr-journals.org/ijias/
Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, Mitchell CE. 2010. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature, 468(7324), 647.
Khan E, Barr KL, Farooqi JQ, Prakoso D, Abbas A, Khan ZY, Malik F. 2018. Human West Nile virus disease outbreak in Pakistan, 2015–2016. Frontiers in public health 6, 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00020
Khan YM, Nadir S, Parveen S, Khan RA. 2013. Prevalence of human malaria parasite and its effects on patient blood chemistry in Pakistani population. Journal of Pharmacy Research 6(5), 522-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.05.005
Khatoon L, Baliraine FN, Bonizzoni M, Malik SA, Yan G. 2009. Prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance mutations in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from a malaria-endemic area of Pakistan. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 81(3), 525-528. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.81.525
Lee H, Halverson S, Ezinwa N. 2018. Mosquito-borne diseases. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 45(3), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2018.05.001
Mathew A, Ganapati A, Kabeerdoss J, Nair A, Gupta N, Chebbi P, Danda D. 2017. Chikungunya infection: a global public health menace. Current allergy and asthma reports 17(2), 13.
Mayer SV, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. 2017. The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers. Acta tropica 166, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.020
Mehdi Z, Shahbaz H, Owais A, Hasan SU, Nasr I, Jahangir A, Shahbaz S. 2019. Frequency, Awareness, and Symptoms of Chikungunya among Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 11(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4054
Misslin R, Telle O, Daudé E, Vaguet A, Paul, RE. 2016. Urban climate versus global climate change–what makes the difference for dengue? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1382(1), 56-72.
Mohan A, Kiran D, Manohar IC, Kumar DP. 2010. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of Chikungunya fever: lessons learned from the re-emerging epidemic. Indian journal of dermatology 55(1), 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60355
Mousson L, Dauga C, Garrigues T, Schaffner F, Vazeille M, Failloux, AB. 2005. Phylogeography of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse)(Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations. Genetics Research 86(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672305007627
Mumtaz M, de Oliveira JAP, Ali SH. 2019. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Agricultural Sector: The Case of Local Responses in Punjab, Pakistan. In Climate Change and Agriculture: Intech Open.
Naeem M, Mujahid M, Umer A, Ahmad S, Ahmad G, Ali J, Zaidi SJR, Hassan MZ, Zaheer T, Khalid I. 2019. New trends in removing toxic metals from drinking and wastewater by biomass material and advance membrane technologies. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 15, 10-17.
Ogden N, Lindsay L, Ludwig A, Morse A, Zheng H, Zhu, H. 2019. Weather-based forecasting of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in Canada. Canada Communicable Disease Report 45(5), 127-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v45i05a03
Prince HE, Seaton BL, Matud JL, Batterman HJ. 2015. Chikungunya virus RNA and antibody testing at a national reference laboratory since the emergence of chikungunya virus in the Americas. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22(3), 291-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00720-14
Qutubuddin M. 1960. The mosquito fauna of Kohat-Hangu valley, West Pakistan. Mosquito News, 20(4), 355-361.
Rasheed S, Butlin R, Boots M. 2013. A review of dengue as an emerging disease in Pakistan. Public health 127(1), 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.006
Rocklöv J, Tozan Y. 2019. Climate change and the rising infectiousness of dengue. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 3(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20180123
Santos J, Meneses BM. 2017. An integrated approach for the assessment of the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus global spatial distribution, and determination of the zones susceptible to the development of Zika virus. Acta tropica 168, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.01.015
Van Aalst M, Nelen CM, Goorhuis A, Stijnis C, Grobusch MP. 2017. Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review. Travel medicine and infectious disease, 15, 8-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004
Wahid B, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M. 2018. Zika virus: Is Pakistan next? Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 11(7), 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.23719
Wasim A, Kazi AN, Hussain SA. 2014. 2013: rise of the deadly dengue fever in Pakistan. Journal of infection and public health 7(5), 453-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2014.05.001
Wesolowski A, Qureshi T, Boni MF, Sundsoy PR, Johansson MA, Rasheed SB, Buckee CO. 2015. Impact of human mobility on the emergence of dengue epidemics in Pakistan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(38), 11887-11892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504964112
Jabir Ali, Mubasher Rauf, Syed Asad Ali Bukhari, Sayed Jasim Raza Zaidi, Ujalla Tanveer, Khushbakhat Maqbool, Waheed Abbas, Syed Shehnshah, Asim Rasool Bhatti, Muhammad Sufyan Khalid, Muhammad Faizan Khurram Maqsood, Hafiz Muhammad Asmar Naeem (2020), Mosquitoes and viruses are dual threat to Pakistan: in the era of climate change; IJB, V16, N3, March, P362-370
https://innspub.net/mosquitoes-and-viruses-are-dual-threat-to-pakistan-in-the-era-of-climate-change/
Copyright © 2020
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0