Optimization of use of solar radiation exposure to control weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) in stored maize
Paper Details
Optimization of use of solar radiation exposure to control weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) in stored maize
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop in many regions, but its postharvest storage is severely threatened by the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), leading to significant grain losses. This study evaluated the efficacy of solar energy exposure as a non-chemical method to control maize weevils and preserve grain quality. The experiment investigated the effects of different solar exposure durations and frequencies on weevil mortality, grain weight loss and seed damage over a 90-day storage period. Treatments included exposing infested maize to direct sunlight for one (1), two (2) and three (3) hours and exposure frequencies once or twice per month. The treatments were compared against Shumba (a chemical control) and an untreated seed (negative control). Results revealed that solar exposure significantly increased the mortality rate of maize weevils (p< 0.001), with treatments such as 2 hours twice monthly (2H2M) and 3 hours twice monthly (3H2M) achieving mortality rates above 85% by the end of storage duration (90 days) similar to Shumba. Significant reduction in seed weight loss and seed damage ( p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) were recorded in samples with higher exposure regimes. The untreated control demonstrated the highest losses, with weight loss reaching 14.84% and seed damage 35.67% by the end of exposure duration (90 days). The findings of this study, demonstrate that intermittent and sufficient exposure of maize seed to sun radiation can be a feasible strategy to manage maize weevil’s infestations and preserve both quantity and quality of grain and seed. Solarization offers a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to chemical insecticides for smallholder farmers, especially in places with high solar intensity or poor access to expensive techniques.
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