Prevalence and risk factors of Fasciola gigantica infection in carabaos (Bubalus bubalis) in selected municipalities in the Province of Cagayan, Philippines

Abstract

Fasciola gigantica infection remains one of the most important parasitic diseases affecting carabaos (Bubalus bubalis) in the Philippines due to its detrimental effects on animal health, productivity, and the livestock industry. This study determined the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica infection and evaluated selected host- and management-related risk factors among carabaos in selected municipalities of Southern Cagayan. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1,079 randomly selected carabaos. Fecal samples were collected through rectal retrieval and examined using the formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation technique with methylene blue staining for the detection of Fasciola gigantica eggs. Data on the animals’ age, sex, breed, and feeding methods were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to the owners. The overall prevalence of Fasciola gigantica infection was 10.75% (116/1,079). Male carabaos exhibited a prevalence of 10.78%, while females had 10.70%, indicating minimal variation between sexes. Infection was detected in both native and Murrah breeds, with comparable prevalence rates. Age-related analysis showed that younger carabaos had higher infection rates than older animals, suggesting greater susceptibility among immature stock. Feeding methods, particularly grazing in communal and irrigated pastures, were identified as important management factors associated with parasite transmission. These findings demonstrate that age and feeding practices are important determinants of Fasciola gigantica infection and highlight the need for strategic deworming, improved pasture management, and regular parasitological surveillance to reduce fasciolosis and improve carabao health and productivity in Southern Cagayan.