Removal of chloride salinity by aluminium, sodium and zinc compounds: impacts on water quality, survival and growth of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Fry
Paper Details
Removal of chloride salinity by aluminium, sodium and zinc compounds: impacts on water quality, survival and growth of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Fry
Abstract
The present study was conducted to remove chloride salinity from fish ponds because it is toxic to fish at concentrations of less than 0.05 mg/L. There are numerous methods currently employed to remove chloride from ponds. Use of chemicals is one of the alternatives for chloride removal. Experiment was conducted to remove chloride using Aluminium hydroxide, Sodium acetate, Aluminium nitrate and Zinc nitrate chemicals. The effect of various physico-chemical parameters of water has been investigated. The explanation of chloride removal by using these chemicals has also been supported by examining the survival and growth rate of fish. An increase in the values of physico-chemical parameters was observed except hardness which was decreased from its initial level. Zinc nitrate was found the most efficient in removing chlorides then Aluminium hydroxide and Aluminium nitrate while Sodium acetate the least efficient one. For fish survival and growth rate Aluminium hydroxide was found the most effective and Zinc nitrate the least effective one.
Abdel-Wahab A, Batchelor B.2002. Chloride Removal from Recycled Cooling Water Using Ultra-High Lime with Aluminum Process. Water Environment Research 74(3), 256-263.
Abdel-Wahab A, Batchelor B. 2005. Evaluating alternative aluminum sources for chloride removal from recycled cooling water. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 3(16), 8106-8115.
Abdel-Wahab A, Batchelor B. 2006. Effects of pH, Temperature, and Water Quality on Chloride Removal with Ultra-High Lime with Aluminum Process. Water Environment Research 930-937.
Abdel-Wahab A, Batchelor E, Schwantes J. 2005. An equilibrium model for chloride removal from recycled cooling water using ultra-high lime with aluminum process. Water Environment Research77, 3059-3065. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143005X73956
Abdel-Wahab A. and Batchelor B. 2001. “Chloride Removal from Recycled Cooling Water using Ultra-high Lime with Aluminum Process”, 74th Annual WEFTEC conference, Water Environment Federation, Atlanta, GA, October 13-17.
Abdel-Wahab A, Batchelor E, Schwantes J. 2002. An Equilibrium Model for Chloride Removal from Recycled Cooling Water Using Ultra-High Lime with Aluminum Process. Water Environment Research 17, 23-39.
Alabaster JS, Lloyd R. 1982. Water quality criteria for fresh water fish. 2d ed. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. Butterworths. Crochet, D.W. 2005. Fish pond management guide.
Bass ML, Berry CR, Health AG. 1977. Histopathological effects of intermittent chlorine exposure on bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Research 11(18), 731-735.
Boyd CE. 1990. Water quality in ponds for Aquaculture. Alabama Experiment Station. Auburn, Alabama.
Buckley JA. 1976. Acute toxicity of residual chlorine in wastewater to coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and some resultant haemolytic changes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33(12), 2854-2856.
Buckley JA. 1977. Heinz body haemolyticanaemia in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, exposed to chlorinated sea water. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34(2), 215-224.
Fobes RL. 1971. Chlorine toxicity and its effect on gill tissue respiration of the white sucker Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede). Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Groethe DR. Eaton JW. 1975. Chlorine-induced mortality in fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104, 800-802.
Kameda T, Yoshioka T, Mitsuhashi T, Uchida M, Okuwaki A. 2003. The simultaneous removal of calcium and chloride ions from calcium chloride solution using magnesium–aluminum oxide. Water Research 16, 4045-4050.
Kameda T, Yoshioka T, Uchida M, Okuwaki A. 2005. The removal of chloride from solutions with various cations using magnesium-aluminum oxide. Separation and Purification Technology 1, 25-29.
Liang Lv, He J, Wei M, Evans DG, Duan X.2006. Uptake of chloride ion from aqueous solution by calcined layered double hydroxides: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Water Research 4(40), 735-743.
Liang Lv, Sun P, Gu Z, Du H, Pang X, Tao X, Xu R, Xu L. 2009. Removal of chloride ion from aqueous solution by ZnAl-NO3 layered double hydroxides as anion-exchanger. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2(3), 1444-1449. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.11.4
Miller DG, Brayton SV, Boyles WT. 2001. Chemical oxygen demand analysis of wastewater using trivalent manganese oxidant with chloride removal by sodium bismuth hate pretreatment. Water Environment Research 1, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143001X138.705
Mousa K, Sadeq E, Banan IH. 2012. Chloride removal from Eshidiya phosphate mining wastewater. Desalination and water treatment 51(7-9B), 1634-1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.6993.43
Orellan JC, Escadeillas G, Arliguie G. 2004. Electrochemical chloride extraction: Efficiency and side effects. Cement and Concrete Research2, 227-234.
Penzes B. 1971. The effects of water treated with chlorine on living fish. Allatorv Kozl 58, 87.
Rosenberger DR. 1971. The calculation of acute toxicity of free chlorine and chloramines to coho salmon by multiple regression analysis. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Roya H, Davood K, Esmaeil F.2013. The simultaneous removal of calcium, magnesium and chloride ions from industrial wastewater using magnesium-aluminum oxide. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A48(10), 1225-1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.7768.55
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dinkkey DA. (1996) Principals and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Singapore.
Tomohito K, Toshiaki Y, Tatsunosuke H, Miho U, Akitsugu O. 2005. The removal of chloride from solutions with various cations using magnesium-aluminum oxide. Separation and Purification Technology 1, 25-29.
Tomohito K, Toshiaki Y, Teruhisa M, Miho U, Akitsugu O. 2003. The simultaneous removal of calcium and chloride ions from calcium chloride solution using magnesium–aluminum oxide. Water Research16, 4045-4050.
Valenzuela JM.1976. A fine structural examination of the gill in the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis after exposure to chlorine. Master’s Thesis, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne.
Xuelian Wu, Zhongqing Liu, Xu Liu. 2013. Chloride ion removal from Zinc sulfate aqueous solution by electrochemical method. Hydrometallurgy 62-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.01.01.7
Yingjun Z, Wei Hu, Jianjun C, Liang LV. 2012. Factors influencing the chloride removal of aqueous solution by calcined layered double hydroxides. Desalination and water treatment 36(1-3), 50-56.
Zeitoun IH, Hughes LD, Ullney DE. 1977. Effect of shock exposure of chlorine on the plasma electrolyte concentration of adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34(7), 1034-1039.
Ayesha Arif, Kashifa Naghma Waheed, Muhammad Zafarullah Bhatti, Nasreen Akhtar Khan, 2017. Removal of chloride salinity by aluminium, sodium and zinc compounds: impacts on water quality, survival and growth of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Fry. Int. J. Biosci., 11(1), 404-416.
Copyright © 2017 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.