Review on Seaweed based valuable products and their applications

Paper Details

Review Paper 21/11/2022
Views (578) Download (77)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Review on Seaweed based valuable products and their applications

R. Shanmuga sundaram, ST. Somasundram
Int. J. Biosci.21( 5), 283-304, November 2022.
Certificate: IJB 2022 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

Seaweeds are vital resources with economic, societal, and environmental values. These are inhabited in different climatic zones of the oceans. The major factors affecting seaweed distribution are temperature, tidal height, salinity, sea level rise, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Typically, seaweeds are considered a critical source of bioactive compounds that have broad applications in food, cosmetic, medical, and agricultural fields. Presently, nanomaterials are gaining more attraction in medicine, environment, and food and cosmetic industry. Several metallic nanoparticles (silver and gold) are synthesized from seaweeds. The yield of the bioactive compounds mainly depends on the seaweed species and the extraction method employed. Hence, updated knowledge on these aspects is required for further research. Based on the research outcomes published in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and regional journals, this review addresses (a) the extraction of bioactive compounds present in seaweeds, (b) the applications of the bioactive compounds obtained from seaweeds, (c) synthesis and applications of biochar and nanomaterials, and (d) application of seaweed extract for crop growth.

VIEWS 108

Abdel-Raouf N, Al-Enazi NM, Ibraheem IBM. 2017. Green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Galaxaura elongate and characterization of their antibacterial activity. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10, S3029 -S3039. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.arabjc. 2013.11.044.

Abdollahi M, Axelsson J, Carlsson N, Nylund GM, Albers E, Undeland I. 2019. Effect of stabilization method and freeze/thaw-aided precipitation on structural and functional properties of proteins recovered from brown seaweed (Saccharina latissima). Food Hydrocolloids 96, 140 -150.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.05.007.

Admassu H, Gesmalla MAA, Yang R, Zhao W. 2017. Bioactive peptides derived from seaweed protein and their health benefits: Antihypertensive, antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. Journal of Food Science 83(1), 6 -16. https://doi.org /10.1111 /1750-3841.14011.

Alhashimi HA, Aktar CB. 2017. Life cycle environmental and economic performance of biochar compared with activated carbon: A meta-analysis. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 118, 13 -26. http://digitalcommons.newhaven.edu/civilengineeri.

Amano H, Noda H. 1990. Proteins of protoplasts from red alga Porphyra yezoensis, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56(11), 1859 -1864.

Arab S, Baradaran firouzabadi M, Gholami A. 2022. Physiological responses of soybean plants to pretreatment and foliar spraying with Ellagic acid and Seaweed extract under accelerated aging. South African Journal of Botany 148, 510-518. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.05.005.

Arioli T, Mattner SW, Hepworth G. 2021. Effect of seaweed extract application on wine grape yield in Australia. Journal of Applied Phycology 33, 1883-1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02423-1.

Arun D, Gayathri PK, Chandran M, Yuvaraj D. 2014. Studies on effect of seaweed extracts on crop plants and microbes. International Journal of Chemtech Research 6(9), 4235-4240.

Ashour M, Mabroukmm, Ayoub HF. 2020. Effect of dietary seaweed extract supplementation on growth, feed utilization, hematological indices, and non-specific immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Phycology 32(5), 3467 – 3479.

Atugoda T, Gunawardane C, Anmed M. 2021. Mechanistic interaction of ciprofloxacin on zeolite modified seaweed (Sargassum crassifolium) derived biochar: Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics. Chemosphere 281, 130676. https://doi.org/10.1016

Bandara T, Herath I, Kumarathilaka P, Heeu ZY, Ok YS, Vithanage M. 2017. Efficacy of woody biomass and biochar for alleviating heavy metal bioavailability in Serpentine soil. Environmental Geochemistry Health 39, 391 – 401. https:// doi.org /10.1007/s10653-016-9842-0.

Barahona T, Chandia NP, Encinas MV. 2011. Antioxidant capacity of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds. A kinetic approach. Food Hydrocolloids 25(3), 529-535. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.foodhyd.

Bhosale S, Nagle V, Jagtap TG. 2002. Antifouling potential of some marine organisms from India against Species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Marine Biotechnology 4(2), 111-118.

Bhuyar P, Rahim MH, Sundararaju S, Maniam GP, Govindan N. 2020. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of red seaweed; Kappaphycus alvarezii against pathogenic bacteria. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 6(1), 47 – 58.

Bird MI, Wurstercm, Silva PHDP, Bass AM, de Nys R. 2011. Algal biochar – production and properties. Bioresource Technology 102(2), 1886 -1891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.106.

Bird MI, Wurstercm, Silva PHDP. 2012. Algal biochar:effects and applications.Global Change Biology Bioenergy 4, 61- 69. https://doi.org /10.1111 /j.1757-1707.2011.01109.x.

Boukharimm B, Barakate M, Bouhia Y, Lyamlouli K. 2020. Trends in Seaweed Extract Based Biostimulants: Manufacturing Process and Beneficial Effect on Soil-Plant Systems. Plants 9(359). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030359.

Cao B, Yuan J, Jiang D. 2021. Seaweed-derived biochar with multiple active sites as a heterogeneous catalyst for converting macroalgae into acid-free bio oil containing abundant ester and sugar substances. Fuel 285, 119164. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.fuel.2020.119164.

Chakraborty K, Joseph D, Praveen NK. 2015. Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of three red seaweeds (Division: Rhodophyta) harvested from the Gulf of Mannar of Peninsular India. Journal of Food Science and Technology 52, 1924-1935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1189-2.

Chellamuthu C, Balakrishnan R, Patel P, Rajasree S. 2019. Gold nanoparticles using red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa: Green synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility studies. Process Biochemistry 80, 58 -63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /j.procbio.2019.02.009.

Chen BL, Zhou DD, Zhu LZ. 2008. Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 5137e5143. https:// ui.adsabs. harvard.edu/link_gateway/2008EnST… 42.5137C/doi:10.1021/es8002684.

Chen D, Zhou W, Yang J. 2021. Effects of Seaweed Extracts on the Growth, Physiological Activity, Cane Yield and Sucrose Content of Sugarcane in China. Frontiers in Plant Science. 12, 659130. https:// doi.org /10.3389%2Ffpls.2021.659130.

Chen XM, Nie WJ, Fan SR, Zhang JF, Wang YX, Lu JX. 2012. A polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme protects against immune suppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Carbohydrate Polymers 90, 1114-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j. carbpol.2012.06.052.

Chernane H, Latique S, Mansori M, El Kaouam M. 2015. Salt stress tolerance and antioxidative mechanisms in wheat plants (Triticum durum L.) by seaweed extracts application Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 8(3), 36-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-08313644.

Chithra K, Stanely SA, Thirugnanasam bandham R, Prakash P. 2016. A Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Seaweed Fertilizers (Liquid & Paste) and Vermiwash on Seed Germination of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 13(2), 1089-1093. http://dx.doi.org/

Costa LS, Telles CB, Oliveira RM, Nobre LT, Dantas-Santos N, Camara RB. 2011. Heterofucan from Sargassum filipendula induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Marine Drugs 9, 603-614.

Cregut M, Rondags E. 2013. New insights in agar bio refinery with aryl sulphatase activities. Process Biochemistry 48(12), 1861-1871. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016 /j.procbio.2013.09.020.

Critchley AT, Pereira L, Buschmann AH, Hurtado AQ, Borpwitzka MA. 2020. Concise review of seaweeds of current and future commercial interest. Journal of Applied Phycology 32, 1-2.

Culioli G, Ortalo-Magné A, Daoudi M, Thomas-Guyon H, Valls R, Piovetti L. 2004. Trihydroxylated linear diterpenes from the brown alga Bifurcaria bifurcata. Phytochemistry 65(14), 2063-9.

De Aragao AP, De Oliveira TM, Quelemes PV. 2019. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the seaweed Gracilaria birdiae and their antibacterial activity. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 12, 4182 -4184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.04.014.

De Souza ÉT, Pereira de Lira D, Cavalcanti de Queiroz A. 2009. The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Caulerpin, a Bisindole Alkaloid isolated from Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa. Marine Drugs 7(4), 689-704. https://doi.org/10.3390/md7040689.

Doi RH, Kosugi A. 2004. Cellulosomes: plant-cell-wall-degrading enzyme complexes. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2(7), 541 -551. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/ nrmicro925.

Dookie M, Ali O, Ramsubhag A. 2020. Flowering gene regulation in tomato plants treated with brown seaweed extracts. Scientia Horticulturae 276, 109715.

Eggertsen M, Halling C. 2020. Knowledge gaps and management recommendations for future paths of sustainable seaweed farming in the Western Indian Ocean. Ambio 50, 60-73.

Eris A, Sivritepe HO, Sivritepe N. 1995. The effect of seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract on yield and quality criteria in peppers. Acta Horticulturae 412, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.17660

FAO. 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

Fitzgerald C, Gallagher E, Tasdemir D, Hayes M. 2011. Heart health peptides from macroalgae and their potential use in functional foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 6829-6836.

Fleurence J, Morancais M, Dumay J, Decottignies P, Turpin V, Munier M, GarciaBueno N, Jaouen P. 2012. What are the prospects for using seaweed in human nutrition and for marine animals raised through aquaculture? Trends in Food Science & Technology 27, 57-61.

Freitas AC, Rodrigues D, Carvalho AP, Pereira L, Panteleitchouk T, Gomes AM, Duarte AC. 2015. Marine functional foods. In: Kim SK (Ed.), Springer handbook of marine biotechnology Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg pp. 969 – 994.

Frioni T, Sabbatini P, Tombesi S, Norrie J. 2018. Effects of a biostimulant derived from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum on ripening dynamics and fruit quality of grapevines. Scientia Horticulturae 232, 97 -106. https://doi.org/10.1016/

Ganesan P, Chandini S, Kumar N, Bhaskar N. 2008. Antioxidant properties of methanol extract and its solvent fractions obtained from selected Indian red seaweeds. Bioresource Technology 99(8), 2717-2723.

Goettel M, Eing C, Gusbeth C, Straessner R Frey W. 2013. Pulses electric field assisted extraction of intracellular valuables from microalgae. Algal Research 2(4), 401-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016

Goh CH, Heng PWS, Chen LW. 2012. Alginates as a useful natural polymer for microencapsulation and therapeutic applications. Carbohydrate Polymers 88(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.

Gouveira L, Batista AP, Sousa I, Raymundo A, Bandarra N. 2008. Microalgae in Novel Food Products. In: Konstantinos N, Papadopoulos PP Eds. Food Chemistry Research Development. Nova Science Publishers; New York, NY, USA pp.75-112.

Govindaraju K, Vijay Anand K, Anbarasi S. 2020. Seaweed (Turbinaria ornata)- assisted green synthesis of magnesium hydroxide [Mg (OH)2] nanomaterials and their anti- mycobacterial activity. Materials Chemistry and Physics 239, 122007. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATCHEMPHYS.2019.

Govindaraju K, Vinu R, Gautam R. 2022. Microwave-assisted torrefaction of biomass Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biochar and magnetic biochar for removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solution. Biomass Conversion and Bio refinery.

Gupta S, Stirk WA, Plackova L. 2021. Interactive effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and a seaweed extract on the growth and physiology of Allium cepa L. (onion). Journal of Plant Physiology 262, 153437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jplph.202 1.153437.

Habeebullah SFK, Alagarsamy S, Sattari Z, Al-Haddad S, Fakhrakdeen S, Al – Ghunaim A, Al – Yamrni F. 2020. Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from brown seaweeds and characterization. Journal of Applied Phycology 32, 615-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01906-

Hareman-ware AE, Morgan T, Wilson M. 2013. Microalgae as a renewable fuel source: Fast pyrolysis of Scenedesmus sp. Renewable Energy 60, 625- 632. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.016.

Harnedy PA, FitzGerald RJ. 2011. Bioactive proteins, peptides, and amino acids from macroalgae. Journal of Phycology 47, 218-32. https://doi.org /10.1111 /j.1529-8817.2011.00969.x.

Harrysson H, Hayes M, Eimer F. 2018. Production of protein extracts from Swedish red, green, and brown seaweeds, Porphyra umbilicalis Kützing, Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, and Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux using three different methods. Journal of Applied Phycology 30, 3565 – 3580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018.

Hassan SM, Ashour M, Soliman AAF, Hassanien HA, Alsanie WF, Gaber A, Elshobary ME. 2021, The Potential of a New Commercial Seaweed Extract in Stimulating Morpho-Agronomic and Bioactive Properties of Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. Sustainability  13, 4485.

Herrero M, Sanchez-Camargo AP, Cifuentes A, Ibanez B. 2015. Plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food by-products as natural sources of functional ingredients obtained using pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 71, 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trac.2015.01.018.

Holdt SL, Kraan S. 2011. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 543-597.

Hung C, Chen C, Huang C. 2021. Activation of peroxymono sulfate by nitrogen-doped carbocatalysts derived from brown algal (Sargassum duplicatum) for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9(3), 106420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106420.

Hung C, Huang CP, Hsieh S. 2020. Biochar derived from red algae for efficient remediation of 4-nonylphenol from marine sediments. Chemosphere 254, 126916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.

Hussain HI, Kasinadhuni N, Arioli T. 2021. The effect of seaweed extract on tomato plant growth, productivity and soil. Journal of Applied Phycology 33, 1305-1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-

Janus A, Pelfrêne A, Heymans S, Deboffe C, Douay F, Waterlot C. 2015. Elaboration, characteristics and advantages of biochars for the management of contaminated soils with a specific overview on Miscanthus biochars. Journal of Environmental Management 162, 275-289.

Jayappa MD, Ramaiah CK, Kumar MAP, Suresh D, Prabhu A, Devasya RK, Sheik S. 2020. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaf, stem and in vitro grown callus of Mussaenda frondosa L.: Characterization and their applications. Applied Nanoscience 10, 3057 – 3074.

Jayasinghe PS, Pahalawattaarachchi V, Ranaweera KKDS. 2016. Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on Plant Growth of Capsicum annum. Discovery 52(244), 723-734.

Jensen A, Jorgensen TH. 2022. Extracts of Saccharina latissima and Ulva lactuca affect the balance between growth and immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Applied Phycology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02761-8.

Jorden P, Vilter H. 1991. Extraction of proteus from material rich in anionic mucilages: Partition and fractionation of vanadate – dependent bromoperoxidase from the brown algae Laminaria digitata and L. saccharina in aqueous polymer two-phase system, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1073(1), 98 -106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(91)90188-m.

Joubert Y, Fleurence J. 2008. Simultaneous extraction of proteins and DNA by an enzymatic treatment of the cell wall of Palmaria palmata(Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology 20, 55- 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9180-9.

Jung KW, Hwang MH, Jeong TU, Ahn RH. 2015. A novel approach for preparation of modified-biochar derived from marine macroalgae: Dual purpose electro-modification for improvement of surface area and metal impregnation. Bioresource Technology 191, 342 -345.

Jung KW, Jeong TU, Kang HJ, Ahn KH. 2016. Characteristics of biochar derived from marine macroalgae and fabrication of granular biochar by entrapment in calcium-alginate beads for phosphate removal from aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology 211, 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/

Kadam SU, Álvarez C, Tiwari BK, O’Donnell CP. 2015. Extraction of biomolecules from seaweeds. In: Tiwari K, Troy DJ Eds. Seaweed Sustainability. Amsterdam, Academic Press p. 243-269.

Kadam SU, O’Dennell CP, Rai DP, Hossain MB, Burgess,cm, Walssh D, Tiwari BK. 2015. Laminarin from Irish Brown Seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria

Kadam SU, Prabhasankar P. 2010. Marine foods as functional ingredients in bakery and pasta products. Food Research International 43, 1975-1980.

Kandasamy G, Karuppiah SK, Rao PVS. 2012. Salt- and pH-induced functional changes in protein concentrate of edible green seaweed Enteromorpha species. Fish Science 78(1), 169 -176.

Kannan RRR, Stirk W, Van Staden V. 2013. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the seaweed Codium capitatum P.C. Silva (Chlorophyceae). South African Journal of Botany 86, 1 – 4.

Karthikeyan R, Somasundaram ST, Manivasagan T, Balasubramanian T, Anantharaman P. 2010. Heptaprotective activity of brown alga Padina boergesenii against CCl4 induced oxidative damage in Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3(9), 696 -701.

Kasim WA, Elsayed AMH, Shams El-Din NG, Eskander SK. 2015. Influence of seaweed extracts on the growth, some metabolic activities and yield of wheat grown under drought stress. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research 7(2), 173 -189.

Katiyar R, Patel AK, Nguyen T. 2021. Adsorption of copper (II) in aqueous solution using biochars derived from Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed. Bioresource Technology 328, 124829. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124829.

Khalilzadeh MA, Borzoo M. 2016. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using onion extract and their application for the preparation of a modified electrode for determination of ascorbic acid. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 24(4), 796 – 803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.004.

Khan F, Jeong G, Khan MSA. 2022. Seaweed-Derived Phlorotannins: A Review of Multiple Biological Roles and Action Mechanisms. Marine Drugs 20(6), 384.

Khan W, Rayirath U, Subramanian S. 2009. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 28(4), 386-399.

Khedia J, Dangariya M, Nakum AK. 2020. Sargassum seaweed extract enhances Macrophomina phaseolina resistance in tomato by regulating phytohormones and antioxidative activity. Journal of Applied Phycology 32, 4373-4384.

Kim KH, Kim JY, Chao TS, Chai JW. 2012. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Bioresource Technology 118, 158-162.

Klejdus B, Lojková L, Vlcek J. 2014. Hyphenated solid phase extraction/supercritical fluid extraction methods for extraction of phenolic compounds from algae. Current Analytical Chemistry 10, 86-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411011410010008.

Kong HL, He J, Gao YZ, Wu HF, Zhu XZ. 2011. Cosorption of phenanthrene and mercury from aqueous solution by soybean stalk-based biochar. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 12116e12123. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf202924a.

Kumar CS, Ganesan K, Selvaraj K. 2014. Studies on the functional properties of protein concentrate of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty – An edible seaweed. Food Chemistry 153, 353-360.

Kumar CS, Ganesan P, Suresh PV, Bhaskar N. 2008. Seaweeds as a source of nutritionally beneficial compounds—a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 45, 1-13.

Kumar G, Sahoo D. 2011. Effect of seaweed liquid extract on growth and yield of Triticum aestivumvar. Pusa Gold. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 251-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-011-9660-9.

Kumar R, Trivedi K, Anandkg V. 2020. Science behind biostimulant action of seaweed extract on growth and crop yield: insights into transcriptional changes in roots of maize treated with Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract under soil moisture stressed conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology 32, 599-613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01938-y.

Kwon MJ, Nam TJ. 2007. A polysaccharide of the marine alga Capsosiphon fulvescens induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells via an IGF-IR-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Biology International 31(8), 768-75.

La Bella S, Consentino BB, Rouphael Y. 2021. Impact of Ecklonia maxima Seaweed Extract and Mo Foliar Treatments on Bio fortification, Spinach Yield, Quality and NUE. Plants 10, 1139. https://doi.org /10.3390%2Fplants10061139 .

Lakameera R, Vijayabaskar P, Somasundaram ST. 2008. Evaluating antioxidant property of brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa(DERB ET SOL). African Journal of Food Science 2(11), 126 -130. https:// doi.org/10.5897/AJFS.9000122.

Layek J, Das A, Idapuganti RG. 2018. Seaweed extract as organic bio-stimulant improves productivity and quality of rice in eastern Himalayas. Journal of Applied Phycology 30, 547-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1225-0.

Lee SB, Lee JY, Song DG. 2008. Cancer chemo preventive effects of Korean seaweed extracts. Food Science and Biotechnology 17, 613 – 622.

Lehmann J, Joseph S. 2009. Biochar for environmental management. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S Eds. Science and Technology. Earthscan, London pp. 1- 9.

Levkov K, Linzon Y, Mercadal B, Ivorra A, González CA, Golberg A. 2020. High- voltage pulsed electric field laboratory device with asymmetric voltage multiplier for marine macroalgae electroporation. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 102288. http://hdl.ha ndle.net /10230/43887.

Li B, Lu F, Wei X, Zhao R. 2008. Fucoidan: Structure and Biodiversity. Molecules 13(8), 1671 -1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13081671.

Li M, Tang Y, Ren N, Zhang Z, Cao Y. 2018. Effect of mineral constituents on temperature-dependent structural characterization of carbon fractions in sewage sludge-derived biochar. Journal of Cleaner Production 172, 3342-3350. https://doi.org /10.1016 /j.jclepro.2017.11.090.

Lins KOAl, Bezerra DP, Alves APNN. 2009. Antitumor properties of a sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Champia feldmannii (Diaz‐Pifferer). Journal of Applied Toxicology 29(1), 20 -26. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1374.

Liu J, Zhan X, Wan J, Wang Y, Wang C. 2015. Review for carrageenan-based pharmaceutical biomaterials: Favourable physical features versus adverse biological effects. Carbohydrate Polymers 121, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.carbpol.

Lola-Luz T, Hennequart F, Gaffney M. 2014. Effect on yield, total phenolic, total flavonoid and total isothiocyanate content of two broccoli cultivars (Brassica oleraceae var italica) following the application of a commercial brown seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum). Agricultural and Food Science 23(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.23986

Lorbeer AJ, Tham R, Zhang W. 2013. Potential products from the highly diverse and endemic macroalgae of Southern Australia and pathways for their sustainable production. J Appl Phycol 25, 717-732.

Luthuli S, Wu S, Cheng Y, Zheng X, Wu M, Tong H. 2019. Therapeutic Effects of Fucoidan: A Review on Recent Studies. Marine Drugs 17(9), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17090487.

Mahdavi M, Namvar F, Ahmad MB, Mohamad R. 2013. Green Biosynthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles Using Seaweed (Sargassum muticum) Aqueous Extract. Molecules 18, 5954-596.

Makhaye G, Aremu AO, Gerrano AS. 2021. Biopriming with Seaweed Extract and Microbial-Based Commercial Biostimulants Influences Seed Germination of Five Abelmoschus esculentus Genotypes. Plants 10, 1327.

Manimuthu M, Sathiya Pandi N, Asha G, Rajendran S. 2015. The biogas production from mixture of agar and rumen wastes. International Journal of Advanced Research 3(6), 362 -369.

Matei A, Matei S, Matei G, Cogalniceanu G, Cornea CP. 2020. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by culture filtrate oflactic acid bacteria, characterization and antifungal activity. The Euro Biotech Journal 4(2), 97-103.

Mendez A, Torquis AM, Saa-Requejo A, Guerrero F, Gasco G. 2013. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on composted sewage sludge biochar priming effect in a loamy soil. Chemosphere 93(4), 668-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.

Mhadhebi L, Mhadhebi A, Robert J Bouraoui A. 2014. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Antiproliferative Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Three Mediterranean Brown Seaweeds of the Genus Cystoseira. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research  13(1), 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1139

Mondal K, Bhattacharyya SB, Mitra A. 2015. Seaweed Incorporated Diet Improves Astaxanthin Content of Shrimp Muscle Tissue. Journal of Marine Science: Research and Development 5, 161.

Murata M, Nakazoe J. 2001. Production and use of marine algae in Japan. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 35, 281-290.

Nabti E. 2019. Why seaweeds can be utilized as bio stimulants. Advances in Biotechnology & Microbiology 13(3), 46-48.

Nguyen BT, Lehmann J, Hockaday WC, Joseph S, Masiello CA. 2011. Temperature sensitivity of black carbon decomposition and oxidation. Environmental Science and Technology 44, 3324-333.

Nguyen BT, Lehmann J, Kinyangi J, Smernik R, Riha SJ, Engelhard MH. 2009. Long- term black carbon dynamics in cultivated soil. Biogeochemistry 92, 16 -176.

Nguyen H, Kim SM. 2012. Antioxidative, anticholinesterase and antityrosinase activities of the red alga Grateloupia langifolia extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(39), 9457-9467.

Novak JM, Lima I, Xing B. 2009. Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on loamy sand. Annals of Environmental Science 3, 195 -206. https://openjournals.neu.edu/aes/journal/article/vie

Pal A, Dwivedi K, Maurya PK, Kumar P. 2015. Effect of seaweed saps on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economic improvement of maize (sweet corn). Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7(2), 970 – 975. https://doi.org/10.31018/JANS.V7I2.716.

Paz-Ferreiro J, Gascó G, Gutiérrez B. 2012. Soil biochemical activities and the geometric mean of enzyme activities after application of sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar to soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 48, 511-517. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/ s00374-011-0644-3.

Plaza M, Turner C. 2015. Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactives. Trend in Analytical Chemistry 71, 39 -54. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.trac.2015.02.022.

Poo K, Son E, Chang J, Ren X, Choi Y, Chae K. 2018. Biochars derived from wasted marine macro-algae (Saccharina japonica and Sargassum fusiforme) and their potential for heavy metal removal in aqueous solution. Journal of Environmental Management 206, 364-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.056.

Prakash P, Mitra M, Nag R, Sunkar S. 2018. Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer and humic acid formulation on the growth and nutritional quality of Abelmoschus esculentus. Asian Journal of Crop Science 10(1), 48 -52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923 /ajcs.2018.48.52.

Pramanick B, Brahmachari K, Ghosh A. 2013. Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of greengram. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8(3), 1180 -1186. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR.

Premalatha M, Dhasarathan P, Theriappan P. 2011. Phytochemical characterization and antimicrobial efficiency of seaweed samples, Ulva fascinata and Chaetomorpha antennina. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2(1), 288-291.

Priyanka S, Sheela AM. 2017. Comparing the Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nano Particles synthesized using Garlic Extract and Celery Leaf Extract and Implementing in Domestic Point use filters. International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science 4(3), 24 – 33. https://doi.org/10.14445/23942568/IJAES-V4I3P105

Quitain AT, Kai T, Sasaki M, Goto M. 2013. Microwave-Hydrothermal Extraction and Degradation of Fucoidan from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Deoiled Undaria pinnatifida. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52(23), 7940-7946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie400527b.

Rajendran R, Jagmohan S, Jayaraj P. 2022. Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on sweet pepper plants as an organic biostimulant in grow box home garden conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology 34, 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1007 /s10811 -021-02611-z.

Ramachandra TV, Deepthi H. 2020. Bioethanol from macroalgae: Prospects and challenges. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 117, 109479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109479.

Ramya SS, Vijayan N, Rathinavel S. 2015. Foliar application of liquid biofertilizer of brown alga Stoechospermum marginatum on growth, biochemical and yield of Solanum melongena. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 4, 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40093-015-0096-0.

Rao PVS, Periyasamy C, Kumar KS. 2018. Seaweeds: Distribution, production and uses. In: Noor MN, Bhatnagar SK, Sinha SK Eds. Biotechnology of Algae. India, Gyansagar Publishing Ltd p, 59 – 78.

Rasouli F, Amini T, Asadi M. 2022. Growth and Antioxidant Responses of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Inoculation and Seaweed Extract Foliar Application. Agronomy 2(2), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020401.

Rathore SS, Choudhary DR, Boricha GN. 2009. Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions. South African Journal of Botany 75(2), 351 -355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb. 2008.10.009.

Rengasamy KRR, Mahomoodally MF, Aumeerudy MZ, Zengin G, Xiao J, Kim DH. 2020. Bioactive compounds in seaweeds: An overview of their biological properties and safety. Food and Chemical Toxicology 135, 111013. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.fct.2019.111013.

Rhein-Knudsen N, Ale MT, Ajalloueian F, Yu L, Meyer S. 2017. Rheological properties of agar and carrageenan from Ghanaian red seaweeds. Food Hydrocolloids 63, 50 -58. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.foodhyd.2016.08.023.

Rhein-Knudsen N, Ale MT, Meyer AS. 2015. Seaweed hydrocolloid production: an update on enzyme assisted extraction and modification technologies. Marine Drugs 13, 3340-3359.

Roberts DA, Cole AJ, Paul NA, Nys R. 2015. Algal biochar enhances the re-vegetation of stockpiled mine soils with native grass. Journal of Environmental Management 161, 173-180. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.002.

Rodrigues D, Sousa S, Silva AG, Amorim M, Pereira L, Rocha-Santos TAP, Gomes AMP, Duarte AC, Freitas AC. 2015. Impact of Enzyme- and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Methods on Biological Properties of Red, Brown, and Green Seaweeds from the Central West Coast of Portugal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63(12), 3177-3188. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf504220e.

Rombola AG, Marisi G, Tom C, Fabbri D, Buscaroli A, Ghidotti M, Hornung A. 2015. Relationships between Chemical Characteristics and Phytotoxicity of Biochar from Poultry Litter Pyrolysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63(30), 6660 – 6667. https://doi.org/10.1021 /acs.jafc.

Rouphael Y, Colla G. 2020. Plant Biostimulants: Rationale, State of the Art and Evolution. Frontiers in Plant Scinece 11, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389 /fpls. 2020.00040.

Roy A, Bulut O, Some S, Mandal AK, Yilmaz MD. 2019. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity. Royal Society of Chemistry Advances 9, 2673 – 2702. https://doi.org/10.1039/

Sahana BN, Prasanna Kumar MK, Mahesh HB. Biostimulants derived from red seaweed stimulate the plant defence mechanism in rice against Magnaporthe oryzae. Journal of Applied Phycology 34, 659-665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021

Salim BBM. 2016. Influence of biochar and seaweed extract applications on growth, yield and mineral composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under sandy soil conditions. Annals of Agricultural Science 61(2), 257-265.

Santos IC, Mesquita RBR, Bordalo AA, Rangel AOSS. 2015. Iodine speciation in coastal and inland bathing waters and seaweeds extracts using sequential injection standard addition from batch methods. Talanta 133, 7-14.

Saraswati, Giriwono PE, Tan CP, Andarwulan N. 2019. Sargassum seaweed as a source of anti-inflammatory substances and the potential insights of the tropical species. A Review. Marine Drugs 17(10), 590.

Sasikala M, Indumathi E, Radhika S, Sasireka R. 2016. Effect of seaweed extract (Sargassum tenerrimum) on seed germination and growth of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum). International Journal of Chem Tech Research 9(9), 285 -293.

Shukla PS, Martin EG, Adil M. 2019. Ascophyllum nodosum-Based Biostimulants: Sustainable Applications in Agriculture for the Stimulation of Plant Growth, Stress Tolerance, and Disease Management. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00655.

Singh M, Kalaivani R, Manikandan S, Sangeetha N, Kumaraguru AK. 2013. Facile green synthesis of variable metallic gold nanoparticle using Padina gymnospora, a brown marine macroalga. Applied Nanoscience 3, 145-151. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s13204-012-0115-7.

Smit AJ. 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A Review. Journal of Applied Phycology 16, 245-262.

Song XD, Xue XY, Chen D. 2014. Application of biochar from sewage sludge to plant cultivation: Influence of pyrolysis temperature and biochar-to-soil ratio on yield and heavy metal accumulation. Chemosphere 109, 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2014.01.070.

Sunarpi, Jupri A, Kurnianingsih R, Julisaniah NI, Nikmatullahm A. 2010. Effect of seaweed extracts on growth and yield of rice plants. Nusantara Bioscince 2(2), 73-77. https://smujo.id/nb/ article/ download/969/3002.

Suo F, Yoy X, Yin S. 2021. Preparation and characterization of biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of Enteromorpha prolifera and corn straw and its potential as a soil amendment. Science of the Total Environment 778, 149167. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2021.149167.

Taghavi S, Norouzi O, Tavasoli A. 2018. Catalytic conversion of Venice lagoon brown marine algae for producing hydrogen-rich gas and valuable biochemical using algal biochar and Ni/ SBA-15 catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43(43), 19918-19929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /j.ijhydene. 2018.09.028.

Thirumaran G, Arumugam M, Arumugam R, Anantharaman P. 2009. Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on Growth and Pigment Concentration of Cyamopsis tetrogonolaba (L) Taub American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy 2(2), 50-56. https://img.yumpu.com/11404344/1/500×640/effect-of-seaweed-liquid-fertilizer-on-growth-and-

Thirunavukkarasu R, Priyadharshini P, Deivasigamani B. 2013. Isolation of bioactive compound from marine seaweeds against fish pathogenic bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus (VA09) and characterization by FTIR. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 1(1), 26 -33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12980 /JCLM.1.20133D81.

Tian J, Xu J, Zhu F, Lu T, Su C, Ouyang G. 2018. Application of nanomaterials in sample preparation. Journal of Chromatography A 1300, 2 – 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.010.

Torri C, Samori C, Adamiano A, Fabbri D, Faroloni C, Torzillo G. 2011. Preliminary investigation on the production of fuels and bio-char from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass residue after bio-hydrogen production. Bioresource Technology 102(18), 8707-8713. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.biortech.2011.01.064.

Traversari S, Cacini S, Nesi B. 2022. Seaweed Extracts as Substitutes of Synthetic Hormones for Rooting Promotion in Rose Cuttings. Horticulturae 8(7), 561. https://doi.org/10.3390 /horticultura

Uchimiya M, Lima IM, Klasson KT, Chang S, Wartelle LH, Rodgers JE. 2011. Immobilization of heavy metal ions (CuⅡ, CdⅡ, NiⅡ, and PbⅡ) by broiler litter-derived biochars in water and soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 5538 -5544. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9044217.

Uchimiya M, Lima IM, Klasson KT, Chang S, WartelleL H. 2010. Contaminant immobilization and nutrient release by biochar soil amendment: Roles of natural organic matter. Chemosphere 80(8), 935 – 940.

Uthirapandi V, Suriya S, Boomibalagan P, Eswaran S, Ramya SS, Vijayanand N, Kathiresan D. 2018. Bio-fertilizer potential of seaweed liquid extracts of marine macro algae on growth and biochemical parameters of Ocimum sanctum. J Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(3), 3528- 3532.

Valencia RT, Acosta LS, Hernandez MF. 2018. Effect of seaweed aqueous extracts and compost on vegetative growth, yield, and nutraceutical quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit. Agronomy 8(11), 264. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8

Valls L, Banaigs B, Piovetti L, Archavlis A, Artaud J. 1993. Linear diterpene with antimitotic activity from the brown alga Bifurcaria bifurcates. Phytochemistry 4, 1585-1588. https://doi.org/10. 1016/ S0031-9422(00)90850-1.

Veena SK, Josephine A, Preetha SP, Varalakshmi P. 2007. Beneficial role of sulfated polysaccharides from edible seaweed Fucus vesiculosus in experimental hyperoxaluria. Food Chemistry 100(4), 1552 -1559.

Verma N, Sehrawat KD, Sehrawat AN. 2017. Studies on the Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum Extract (ANE) on Growth, Antioxidant Potential and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Vigna aconitifolia (RMO 225). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(10), 2125-2138. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.

Vilg JV, Undeland I. 2017. pH-driven solubilization and isoelectric precipitation of proteins from the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima—effects of osmotic shock, water volume and temperature. Journal of Applied Phycology 29(1), 585-593.

Voko MP, Kulkarni MG, Ngoroyemoto N. 2022. Vermicompost leachate, seaweed extract and smoke-water alleviate drought stress in cowpea by influencing phytochemicals, compatible solutes and photosynthetic pigments. Plant Growth Regulation 97, 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00815-y.

Wang Y, Xiang L, Wang S, Chen X, Mao Z. 2017. Effects of seaweed fertilizer on the Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings growth and soil microbial numbers under continue cropping. Acta Ecologica Sinica 37(3), 180-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.chnaes.2017.01.004.

Wijers T, Hylkema A, Visser T. 2020. Effects of preservation on protein extraction in four seaweed species. Journal of Applied Phycology 32, 3401 – 3409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02197-y.

Wijesekara I, Kim SK. 2015. Application of marine algae derived nutraceuticals in the food industry. In: Kim SK, K. Chojnacka K Eds. Marine algae extracts: 967 processes, products, and applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmb H & Co pp. 627-638.

Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ. 2010. An outlook on microalgal biofuels. Science 329, 796-799. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189003.

Yao Y, Wang X, Chen B, Zhang M, Ma J. 2020. Seaweed extract improved yields, leaf photosynthesis, ripening time and net returns of tomato (Solanum lycopersicumMill.). ACS Omega 5(8), 4242 – 4249. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.9

Youssouf L, Lallemand L, Giraud P, Soulé F, Bhaw-Luximon A, Meilhac O, Couprie J. 2017. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and structural characterization by NMR of alginates and carrageenans from seaweeds. Carbohydrate Polymers 166, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.

Zhang X, Gao B, Zheng Y, Hu X, Creamer AE, Annable MD, Li Y. 2017. Biochar for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal: Sorption performance and governing mechanisms. Bioresource Technology 245, 606-614. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.biortech.2017.09.025.

Zhang X, Zhang P, Yuan X, Li Y, Han L. 2019. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and correlation analysis on the yield and physicochemical properties of crop residue biochar. Bioresource Technology 122318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122.

Zhao X, Sun P, Chen Y. 2022. Regulation Pathways of Biochar and Endophytic Bacteria in Na+ Translocation and Alleviating Salt Stress in the Soil-Plant System. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn. com/abstract=4132982 or http://dx.doi. org/ 10.2139/ssrn.4132982

Zodape ST, Kawarkhe VJ, Patolina JS, Warade AD. 2008. Effect of liquid seaweed fertilizer on yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 67, 1115 – 1117. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456.