Seasonal influences on levels and eutrophication potential of nutrients in Imo River, Nigeria
Paper Details
Seasonal influences on levels and eutrophication potential of nutrients in Imo River, Nigeria
Abstract
Water eutrophication is one of the most challenging environmental problems in fresh water systems. Effects of seasonal changes on levels of nutrients in Imo River and possible environmental consequences have been determined. Water samples were collected seasonally at major points and subjected to standard chemical analysis. The result showed significant variations in seasons (P < 0.05) for nitrate (mg/L) at all the locations; Ekenobizi, Udo, Owerrinta, Alulu, Owaza, Obigbo, and Akwette. There were significant variations in seasons (P < 0.05) for phosphate (mg/L) at Owerrinta, Owaza, Obigbo, and Akwette. While, there were no significant variations in seasons (P > 0.05) for phosphate at Ekenobizi, Udo, and Alulu. The nutrient levels increased higher in the rainy than dry season and might lead to eutrophication if not controlled.
Akoma OC. 2008. Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of a tropical estuarine system, Imo River Estuary, Nigeria. African Journals Online 2(2), 253-264.
Andersen JH, Conley DJ, Heba S. 2004. Palaeecology, reference conditions and classification of ecological status: The EU Water Framework Directive in practice. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49(4), 283-290.
Cloem JE. 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication 350 problem. Marine Ecological Progress Series 210, 223-253.
Fang YY, Yang XE, Pu PM, Chang HQ, Ding XF. 2004. Water eutrophication in Li-Yang Reserviour and it ecological remediation countermeasures. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 18(6), 183-186.
FEPA. 1991. Effluent limitation guidelines in Nigeria for all categories of industries. Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette.
HACH. 1981. ACH Water Analysis Handbook, Hach Company, USA.
Hodgkiss IJ, Lu SH. 2004. The effects of nutrients and their ratios on phytoplankton abundance in Junk Bay, Hong Kong. Hydrobiologia 512(1-3), 215-229.
John DM. 1986. The inland waters of tropical West Africa. Arch. Hydrobiologia 23, 1-244.
Khan FA, Ansari AA. 2005. Eutrophication: An ecological vision. The Botanical Review 71(4), 449-482.
Mainstone CP W. Parr T. 2002. Phosphorus in rivers ecology and management. The Science of the Total Environment 25(1-3), 282-283.
McKendrick J. 1982. Water Supply and Sewage Treatment in Relation to Water Quality in Lake Mcllwaine: The Eutrophication and Recovery of a Tropical African Man-made Lake, Dr W. Junk. The Hague, the Netherlands. p. 202-217.
Moyo NAG, Lake C. 1997. A polluted Lake. University of Zimbabwe, Harrare, Zimbabwe.
Moyo NAG, Worste K. 1997. The effects of organic pollution on the Mukuvisi River, Harare, Zimbabwe. In Moyo, N.A.G. (ed.). Lake Chivero: A polluted Lake. Universityof Zimbabwe, Harrare, Zimbabwe. p. 53- 63.
Nhapi I, Tirivaromabo S. 2004. Sewage discharge and nutrient levels in Marimba River, Zimbabwe. Water SA. 30(1), 107-113.
Phlips EJ. 2002. Algae and Eutrophication. In: Bitton, G., editor. Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
Redfield AC, Ketchum BH, Richards FA. 1963. The influence of organism on the composition of seawater. In: Hill, M.N., editor. The sea. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 2, 26-27.
Thornton JA, Nduku WK. 1981. Nutrients in runoff from small catchments with varying land usage in Zimbabwe. Trans. Zimbabwe Sci. 61(2), 14-21.
Tong CH, Yang XE, Pu PM. 2003. Degradation of aquatic ecosystem in the catchment of Mu-Ge Lake and its Remediation countermeasures. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 17(1), 72-88.
Xiao-e Y, Xiang W, Hu-lin H, Zhen-li H. 2008. Mechanism and assessment of water eutrophication. Zhhejiang Univ. Sci.B. 9(3), 197-209.
Zhao SC. 2004. Mechanism of Lake eutrophication and technologies for controlling in China. Advance in Earth Sciences 19(1), 138-140.
Chinedu Emeka Ihejirika, Jude-Anthony Nnama Ogbulie, Enos Emereibeole, Onyenonachi Charity Ihejirika, Grace Ebele Amaku, Leonard Mgbeahuruike, 2011. Seasonal influences on levels and eutrophication potential of nutrients in Imo River, Nigeria. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 1(4), 16-21.
Copyright © 2011 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.