Status and efforts of conservation on biodiversity of inland waters in Indonesia: A review

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/11/2016
Views (360) Download (18)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Status and efforts of conservation on biodiversity of inland waters in Indonesia: A review

Sunardi, Eva Kumala Sari, Ruhyat Partasasmita
J. Bio. Env. Sci.9( 5), 86-95, November 2016.
Certificate: JBES 2016 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

Based on the distribution of the world biodiversity, Indonesia is often called mega-biodiversity region, i.e. a region with the highest biodiversity in the world. Constituting just 13 percent of the world’s total land area, Indonesia is home to 17 percent of all species on the planet, comprising at least 35,000-40,000 plant species (11-15 percent), 707 mammal species (12 percent), 350 amphibian and reptile species (15 percent), 1,602 bird species (17 percent) and 2,184 freshwater fish species (37 percent).However, Indonesia is also recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, referring to its high endemism but with high rate of biodiversity lost as well. In context of inland freshwater, threats to biodiversity include: habitat degradation and fragmentation, consumption/over-exploitation, pollution, invasive alien species, and climate change. The Government of Indonesia has set policies, laws, and programs, to address the issues of biodiversity. This paper aims to evaluate the protrection efforts in order to see the recent state of the freshwater biodiversity.The authors find that the freshwater biodiversity loss seems to continue unabated indicating that the efforts of national biodiversity protection are not effectively implemented.

VIEWS 15

Allan JD, Flecker AS. 1993. Biodiversity conservation in running waters. BioScience 43, 32–43.

Anderson JAR.  1972.  Trees of Peat Swamp Forest of Sarawak. Forest Department of Sarawak, Kuching.

BAPPENAS (National Development Planning  Agency). 1993. Biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia. Jakarta.

BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Agency). 2003. Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2003-2020. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta.

BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Agency). 2016. Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020. The Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 234-241 p.

BirdLife International. 2013. Ninoxnatalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013:
e.T22689452A48063889. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20132.RLTS.T22689452A48063889.en

Braatz S, Davis G, Shen S, Rees C. 1992. Conserving biological diversity. A strategy for protected areas in the Asia-Pacific Region. World Bank Technical Paper 193, 1–66.

CBD. 2010. Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montréal.

UN. 1992. Convention on Biological Diversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montréal.

CEPF. (Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund). 2014. Ecosystem Profile Summary: Wallacea Biodiversity Hotspot.

Clark R, King J. 2004. The Water Atlas: Mapping the World’s Most Critical Resource. London, UK: Earthscan/James & James.

Covich AP, Ewel KC, Hall RO, Giller PE, Goedkoop W, Merritt DM. 2004a. Ecosystem services provided by freshwater benthos. In: Wall DH, ed. Sustaining Biodiversity andEcosystem Services in Soil and Sediments. Washinton D.C., USA: Island Press, 45-47 p.

Covich AP, Austen MC, Barlocher F, Chaufet E, Cardinale BJ, Biles CL, Inchausti P, Dangles O, Solan M, Gessner MO, Statzner B, Moss BR. 2004b. The role of biodiversity in the functioning of freshwater and marine benthic ecosystems. BioScience 54, 767–775.

Dudgeon D, Arthington AH, Gessner MO, Kawabata Z, Knowler DJ, Leveque C, Naiman RJ, Prieur-Richard A, Soto D, Stiassny ML, Sullivan CA. 2006. Freshwater Biodiversity: Importance, Threats, Status and Conservation Challenges. Biological Review 81(2), 163-182.

Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG, Boyer EW, Howarth RW, Seitzinger SP, Asner GP, Cleveland CC, Green PA, Holland EA, Karl DM, Michaels AF, Porter JH, Townsend AR, Vorosmarty CJ. 2004. Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70, 153–226.

Gleick PH. 1996. Water resources. In: Schneider SH, ed. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. New York, USA: Oxford University Press, 817–823 p.

Heal GM. 2000. Nature and the Marketplace: Capturing the Value of Ecosystem Services. Washington D.C., USA:Island Press.

Joosten H. 2004. The IMCG Global Database. (18 October 2010; Google Scholar. www.imcg.net/gpd/gpd.htm

Kingsford RT. 2000. Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Australian Ecology 25, 109–127.

Kottelat M, Whitten T. 1996. Freshwater Biodiversity in Asia: With Special Reference to Fish. World Bank Technical Paper No. 3.

LIPI. 2012. Status Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia, Puslit Biologi. Bogor

Lundberg G, Kottelat M, Smit GR, Stiassny MLJ, Gill AC. 2000. So many fishes, so little time: an overview of recent ichthyological discovery in continental waters. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 87, 26–62.

MacKinnon J, Artha MB. 1981. National Conservation Plan for Indonesia Volume 5: Kalimantan. Bogor: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Ministry of Environment Indonesia. 2009. Fourth National Report. The Convention on Biological Diversity, 24-27 p.

Ministry of Environment the Republic of Indonesia. 2012. State of The Environment Report Indonesia 2012: Pillars of The Environment of Indonesia.

Partasasmita R, Nuari T, Erawan TS, Iskandar J. 2015. The diversity of fish species and the disturbances in the Cikawung river, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 7(2), 171-176.

Poff NL, Brinson MM, Day JW Jr. 2002. Aquatic ecosystems and global climate change. Arlington, USA: Technical Report, Pew Center on Global Climate Change.

Posa MRC, Wijedasa LS,Corlett RT. 2011. Biodiversity and Conservation of Tropical Peat Swamp Forest. BioScience 61(1), 50-51.

Postel S, Richter B. 2003. Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature. Washington D.C., USA:Island Press.

Postel S, Carpenter S. 1997. Freshwater ecosystem services. In: Daily GC, ed. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Ecosystem Services. Washington D.C. USA: Island Press, p. 195-214.

RePPPro T. 1990. The Land Resources of Indonesia: a national overview. Government of The Republic of Indonesia: Ministry of Transmigration, Directorate General of Settlement Preparation, and BAKOSURTANAL. Land Resources Department NRI, Overseas Development Administration, Foreign and Commonwealth Office UK.

Revenga C, Campbell I, Abell R, De Villiers P, Bryer M. 2005. Prospects for monitoring freshwater ecosystems towards the 2010 targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 360, 397–413.

Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow R, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, Leemans R, Lodge D, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M, Poff NL, Sykes MT, Walker BH, Walker M, Wall DH. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770–1774.

Soeprobowati TR. 2014. International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco-Development 2014 (ICTCRED 2014): Integrated Lake Basin Management for Save Indonesian Lake Movement.

WCMC. 1998. Freshwater Biodiversity: A Preliminary Global Assessment. World Conservation Press, Cambridge.