The Effects of Light on Photosynthetic Machinery and The Development of Camellia sinensis (Tea Plant): Review

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/02/2022
Views (517) Download (46)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

The Effects of Light on Photosynthetic Machinery and The Development of Camellia sinensis (Tea Plant): Review

Samina Kausar, Rana Badar Aziz, Isbah Akhtar, Fakhar-E-Alam, Muhammad Rashid, Muhammad Abdul Haseeb, Sadaqat Ali, Mansoor Hameed, Muhammad Usman Shoukat
Int. J. Biosci.20( 2), 234-246, February 2022.
Certificate: IJB 2022 [Generate Certificate]

Abstract

Camellia sinensis is one of the major commercial crops that is broadly grown in many countries such as Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It is utilized in the production of beverages that are non-alcoholic and consumers friendly. The leaves of tea plants are green, but during the plant evolution under environmental stress, a variety of complex mechanisms are developed, leading to variations in leaf color. The tea plant is considered to be a light-sensitive plant. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of how light has crucial effects on the photosynthetic machinery of the tea plant and the accumulation of specialized metabolites such as carotenoids, flavonoids, caffeine, and chlorophyll which ultimately affects its development. There is a strong correlation between light intensity, photosynthesis, and the development of tea plants. High intensity of light induces changes in phytochrome which inhibit the chlorophyll synthesis in tea plants due to the photosensitivity of chlorophyllide an oxidase and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase; leaf etiolation can worsen while under the moderate shade, the color of the leaf turns to green, the accumulation of chlorophylls and Carotenoids biosynthesis also increases under medium shade, due to upregulation of supreme carotenoids-regulating genes, while extreme shading downregulates them, which offers a significant approach for tea plant cultivation and marketing.

VIEWS 79

Ai Z. 2017. Impact of light irradiation on black tea quality during withering. Journal of Food Science and Technology 54(5), 1212–1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-017-2558-z

Anna B, Anna K. 2001. Effect of light quality on somatic embryogenesis in Hyacinthus orientalis L. Delft’s Blue. J Obes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/ 417907

Beale S. 2005. Green genes gleaned. Trends in Plant Sciences 10(7), 309–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplan ts. 2005.05.005

Briggs WR. 2001. Photoreceptors in plant photomorphogenesis to date. Five phytochromes, two cryptochromes, one phototropin, and one superchrome. Plant Physiology 125(1), 85-8.

Carabelli M, Sessa G, Baima S, Morelli G, Ruberti I. 2010. The Arabidopsis Athb-2 and -4 genes are strongly induced by far-red-rich light. Plant Journal 4(3), 469–479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.1993.04030 469.x

Cazzaniga S, Li Z, Niyogi KK, Bassi R, Osto LD. 2012. The Arabidopsis szl1 mutant reveals a critical role of b-Carotene in photosystem I photoprotection1. Plant Physiology 159, 1745–1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.201137

Dong F. 2018. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the weakening of carbon metabolism in chlorotic tea leaves. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19(12), 3943.

Ernesto Bianchetti R. 2018. Fruit-localized phytochromes regulate plastid biogenesis, starch synthesis, and carotenoid metabolism in tomato. Journal of Experimental Botany 69(15), 3573 3586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery145

Fan Y. 2019. Multiomics comparison and physiological characteristics of different colour shoots of Camellia sinensis var. Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Huangjin.

Feng W. 2019. Light regulation of Chlorophyll biosynthesis in plants. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 46(5), 975–994. http://dx.doi.org/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2018- 0799

Franklin KA, Whitelam GC. 2005. Phytochromes and shade-avoidance responses in plants. Annals of Botany 96(2), 169–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci165

Fromme P, Melkozernov A, Jordan P, Krauss N. 2003. Structure and function of photosystem I: interaction with its soluble electron carriers and external antenna systems. FEBS Letters 555(1), 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01124-4

Gu X, Chen Z, Zhu Y. 1997. Phytochrome and photoregulation. Acta Bot Sin 39(7), 675–681.

Gupta SK. 2014. Complex and shifting interactions of phytochromes regulate fruit development in tomato. Plant, Cell & Environment 37(7), 1688–1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.12279

Han SI, Kim S, Lee C, Choi YE. 2018. Blue-Red LED wavelength shifting strategy for enhancing beta-carotene production from halotolerant microalga, Dunaliella salina. The Journal of Microbiology 57, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8420-4

Ho CT, Lin JK, Shahidi F. 2009. Tea and tea products: Chemistry and health-promoting properties. In: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Hoffmann AM, Noga G, Hunsche M. 2015. High blue light improves acclimation and photosynthetic recovery of pepper plants exposed to UV stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 109, 254–263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envex pbot.2014.06.017

Hu C, Shang H, Xia X, Li A. 2014. A brief description of the coloration mechanism of color-leaved plants. South China Agriculture 8(36), 162–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.19415/j.cnki.1673-890x.2014.36. 087

Huang B. 2018. Effects of LED light quality on growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics in spinach. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition) 47(4), 403–408.

Jahns P, Holzwarth AR. 2012. The role of the xanthophyll cycle and of lutein in photoprotection of photosystem II. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Bioenergetics 1817(1), 182–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.012jbc.M5106 00200

Jiang X. 2020. Transcriptomic analysis reveals mechanism of light-sensitive albinism in tea plant Camellia sinensis’ Huangjinju’. BMC Plant Biology 20(1), 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870- 020-02425-0

Kawabata Y, Takeda S. 2014. Regulation of xanthophyll cycle pool size in response to high light irradiance in Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnology 31(3), 229–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0609a

Kim KH. 2012. Overexpression of a chloroplast-localized small heat shock protein OsHSP26 confers enhanced tolerance against oxidative and heat stresses in tall fescue. Biotechnology Letters 34(2), 371–377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529- 011-0769-3

Kong Y, Stasiak M, Dixon MA, Zheng Y. 2018. Blue light associated with low phytochrome activity can promote elongation growth as shadeavoidance response: a comparison with red light in four bedding plant species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 155, 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envex pbot.2018.07.021

Kreslavski VD. 2018. Response of photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis thaliana L. mutant deficient in phytochrome A and B to UV-B. Photosynthetica 56(1), 418–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099- 017-0754-8

Lee L. 2013. Metabolomic analysis of the effect of shade treatment on the nutritional and sensory qualities of green tea. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61(2), 332–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf304161y

Li C, Yan W, Huang X, Jiang L, Li J. 2013. De novo assembly and characterization of fruit transcriptome in Litchi chinensis Sonn and analysis of differentially regulated genes in fruit in response to shading. BMC Genomics 14(1), 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-552

Li N. 2016a. Effects of sunlight on gene expression and chemical composition of light-sensitive albino tea plant. Plant Growth Regulation 78(2), 253–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-015-0090-6

Li Y. 2016b. The identification and evaluation of two different color variations of tea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96(15), 4951–4961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7897

Li Z. 2014. Effect of the main environmental factors on anthocyanin content and related genes expression of purple tea shoots. Shandong Agricultural University, Taian.

Liu GF, Han ZX, Lin F, Gao LP, Shu W. 2017. Metabolic flux redirection and transcriptomic reprogramming in the albino tea cultivar ‘Yu-Jin-Xiang’ with an emphasis on Catechin production. Scientific Reports 7, 45062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep45062

Liu J. 2014. RNA interference-based gene silencing of phytoene synthase impairs growth, carotenoids, and plastid phenotype in Oncidium hybrid orchid. Springerplus 3(1), 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-478

Liu L. 2018. Metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analyses reveal an essential role of UVR8-mediated signal transduction pathway in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in response to shading. BMC Plant Biology 18(1), 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1440-0

Mathews S, Sharrock AR. 2010. Phytochrome gene diversity. Plant, Cell & Environment 20(6), 666–671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01117.x

Mei Y. 2021. Metabolites and transcriptional profiling analysis reveal the molecular mechanisms of the anthocyanin metabolism in the “Zijuan” tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69(1), 414–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06439

Mengmeng Y, Minglun W, Hongbo W, Yuefu W, Changxing Z. 2014. Effects of light quality on photosynthetic pigment contents and photosynthetic characteristics of peanut seedling leaves.  Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 25(2), 483– 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.13287/j. 1001- 9332. 2014.0052

Mo X. 2019. Bioinformatics of phytochrome gene family members of tea, its expression and correlation with flavonoid content.  Journal of Southern Agriculture 50(6), 1173–1182.

Moller SG, Ingles PJ, Whitelam GC. 2002. The cell biology of phytochrome signalling. New Phytologist 154(3), 553–590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00419.x

Moon J, Zhu L, Shen H, Huq E. 2008. PIF1 directly and indirectly regulates chlorophyll oxidoreductase B and is essential for chlorophyll synthesis under high light conditions. The Plant Journal 74(1), 122–133. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1111/ tpj. 12110

Park E, Kim Y, Choi G. 2018. Phytochrome B requires PIF degradation and sequestration to induce light responses across a wide range of light conditions. Plant Cell 30(6), 1277–1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.17.00913

Pattanayak GK, Tripathy BC, Schnur JM. 2011. Overexpression of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase C regulates oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. PLOS One 6(10), e26532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journ al.pone.0026532

Qian L, Kubota C. 2009. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf.  Environmental and Experimental Botany 67(1), 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envex pbot.2009.06.011

Quian-Ulloa R, Stange C. 2021. Carotenoid biosynthesis and plastid development in plants: the role of light. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(3), 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031184

Rausenberger J. 2010. An integrative model for phytochrome B mediated photomorphogenesis: from protein dynamics to physiology. PLOS One 19 5(5), e10721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010721.

Sakuraba Y. 2013. The rice faded green leaf locus encodes protochlorophyllide. oxidoreductase B and is essential for chlorophyll synthesis under high light conditions. Plant Journal 74(1), 122–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12110

Sano T, Horie H, Matsunaga A, Hirono Y. 2018. Effect of shading intensity on morphological and color traits and on chemical components of new tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots under direct covering cultivation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98(15), 5666–5676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9112

Senger H. 2008. The effect of blue light on plants and microorganisms. Photochemistry and Photobiology 35(6), 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb02668.x

Shi Q, Zhu Z, Ying Q, Qian Q. 2005. Effects of excess Mn on photosynthesis characteristics in cucumber under different light intensity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 16(6), 1047–1050.

Shin Y. 2018. Light-sensitive albino tea plants and their characterization. HortScience 53(2), 144–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12633-17

Song L. 2017. Molecular link between leaf coloration and gene expression of flavonoid and carotenoid biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis cultivar ‘Huangjinya’. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls. 2017.00803

Stenbaek A, Jensen P. 2010. Redox regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. ChemInform 71(8–9), 853–859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201033263

Stephenson PG, Terry MJ. 2008. Light signalling pathways regulating the Mgchelatase branchpoint of chlorophyll synthesis during de-etiolation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 7(10), 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b802596g

Sun B. 2016. Purple foliage coloration in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) arises from activation of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor CsAN1, Guangzhou Suorsa M, Sirpi S, Allahverdiyeva Y, Paakkarinen V, Aro EM (2006) PsbR, a missing link in the assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex of plant photosystem II. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281(1), 145–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/

Tanaka R, Tanaka A. 2007. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology 58(1), 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105448

Tang D, Zhang G, Zhang F, Pan X, Yu J. 2011. Effects of different LED light qualities on growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Cucumber Seedlings. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University 46(001), 44-48 http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.10034315.2011.01.01

Taylor S. 2010. A model for predicting black tea quality from the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of fresh green tea leaf. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 58(2), 185–191.

Tian Y. 2020. Mechanism of physiological characteristics of leaf color in Camellia Sinensis cv. Huangjinya response to light quality, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an.

Tian Y. 2019. Response of leaf color and the expression of photoreceptor genes of Camellia sinensis cv. Huangjinya to different light quality conditions. Scientia Horticulture 251, 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scien ta.2019.03.032

Tian Y. 2021. An RNA-seq analysis reveals differential transcriptional responses to different light qualities in leaf color of Camellia sinensis cv. Huangjinya. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation http://dx.doi.org/1007/s00344-021-10325-2

Toledo-Ortiz G, Huq E, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. 2010. Direct regulation of phytoene synthase gene expression and carotenoid biosynthesis by phytochrome-interacting factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(25), 11626– 11631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 0914428107

Tzvetkova-Chevolleau T. 2007. The light stress-induced protein ELIP2 is a regulator of chlorophyll synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal 50(5), 795–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X. 2007. 03090.x

Wan X. 2008. Biochemistry of tea. China Agriculture Press, Beijing.

Wang L. 2017. Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Purple Leaves of Zijuan Tea (Camellia sinensis var. kitamura). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18(4), 833.  http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040833

Monthana W, Wei-Lun H, Pan M, Shiming L, Wan X, Chi Tang H. 2015. Chemistry and health beneficial effects of oolong tea and theasinensins. Food Science. Human Wellness 4(4), 133–146.

Wu Q, Chen Z, Sun W, Deng T, Chen M. 2016. De novo sequencing of the leaf transcriptome reveals complex light-responsive regulatory networks in Camellia sinensis cv. Baijiguan. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00332

Xu M. 2021. Advances in molecular mechanism of plant leaf color variation. Molecular Plant Breeding. http://dx.doi.org/10.13271/j.mpb. 019.003448

Xu Y. 2016. Studies on photosynthetic traits and chloroplast ultrastructure of 6 tea characteristic varieties (lines). Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu.

Yangen F. 2019. Effects of light intensity on metabolism of light-harvesting pigment and photosynthetic system in Camellia sinensis L. cultivar ‘Huangjinya’ Environmental and Experimental Botany 166, 103796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. envex pbot.2019.06. 009

Yue C, Zhihui W, Puxiang Y. 2021. Review: the effect of light on the key pigment compounds of photosensitive etiolated tea plant. Botanical Studies 62, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-021-00329-2

Zeng L, Watanabe N, Yang Z. 2018. Understanding the biosyntheses and stress response mechanisms of aroma compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis) to safely and effectively improve tea aroma. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 59, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018. 15069 07

Zhang DW, Shu Y, Xu F, Feng Z, Lin HH. 2015. Light intensity affects chlorophyll synthesis during greening process by metabolite signal from mitochondrial alternative oxidase in Arabidopsis. Plant, Cell & Environment 39(1), 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.12438

Zhang X. 2020. Advances in leaf color variation of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Journal of Plant Physiology 56(4), 643–653. http://dx.doi.org/10. 13592/j.cnki.ppj.2019.0378

Zheng Y. 2021. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics provide novel insight into changes in specialized metabolites in an albino tea cultivar (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 160, 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy. 2020.12.029

Zhou B, Li Y. 2006. Phytochrome and light signal transduction in plants. Plant Physiology Communications 42(1), 134–140.

Zhou Y. 2013. Mutation of the light-induced yellow leaf 1 gene, which encodes a geranylgeranyl reductase, affects chlorophyll biosynthesis and light sensitivity in rice. PLOS One 8(9), e75299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075299