The Kenyan perspective on adoption of green concept in biodiversity conservation: Case of Nairobi, Kenya
Paper Details
The Kenyan perspective on adoption of green concept in biodiversity conservation: Case of Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract
Biodiversity is disappearing at alarming rate due to human civilization. The paper documents the benefits of adopting green concept environment ecosystem to salvage biodiversity loss through protection, conservation and preservation. Data was collected by surveying 97 households and five key informants using semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and observations. The nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to determine the degree of connectivity between the society/institutions and the existing biodiversity conservation trough green concept adoption. Fifty three (53.6%) of the female gender understood and adopted the green concept in biodiversity conservation when compared to the male gender (46.4%). Overall, 33% of the respondents understand the green concept compared those who did not understand the green concept (67%). The awareness level of the respondents on the existence of legal instruments (laws, policies and regulations) for the green concept was at high (56.7%, P≤0.05, n=97). On the contrast, 35.1% of respondents neither knew the implication of the legal instrument nor did they comply to the same (30.9%) when compared with those who knew the implication (64.9%) and complied with the same (69.1), respectively. Notably Kenyans had differences on levels of understanding of the green concept and its application in biodiversity conservation but were practicing the concept and also were willing to adopt the same in biodiversity conservation. This serves to providing evidence to inform policy decisions that support implementation of governance strategies for the adoption of green concept to sustain biodiversity conservation.
Agnes ML. 2011. Biodiversity Conservation in Kenya. Institute of Economic Affairs 32, 1-8. www.ieakenya.or.ke/downloads.php?page=ISSUE-32-2011.pdf
Bebe BO, Udo HM, Rowlands GJ, Thorpe W. 2003. Smallholder dairy systems in the Kenya highlands: breed preferences and breeding practices. Livestock Production Science 82(2), 117-127.
Boussofiane A, Dyson RG, Thanassoulis E. 1991. Applied Data Envelopment Analysis. European Journal of Operational Research 52, 1 – 15.
Cooper WW, Seiford LM, Tone K. 2002. Data Envelopment Analysis: A comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-solver software. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 1-213. www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387452814
De Koeijer TJ, Wossink GAA, Struik PC, Renkema JA. 2002. Measuring agricultural sustainability in terms of efficiency: the case of Dutch sugar beet growers. Journal of Environmental Management 66, 9 – 17.
Dullinger S, Dirnböck T, Greimler J, Grabherr G. 2003. A resampling approach of evaluating effects of pasture abandonment on subalpine plant species diversity. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 243– 252.
FAO. 2017. Livestock and the Environment. Retrieved from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Website: www.fao.org/livestock-environment/en/
Färe R, Grosskopf S. 2004. New Directions: Efficiency and Productivity, Kluwer Academic Publishers. www.springer.com/la/book/9781402076619
Färe R, Grosskopf S, Lovell CAK. 1994. Production frontiers. Cambridge University Press. www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.197.873&rep=rep1…pdf
Florida R, Davison D. 2001. Gaining from green management. California Management Review, 43(3), 63-84.
Fonderflick J, Lepart J, Caplat P, Debussche M, Marty P. 2010. Managing agricultural change for biodiversity. Biological Conservation 143, 737–746.
Government of Kenya, Efficiency Monitoring Unit. 2010. Management Audit Report for the National Environmental Management Agency. www.ppoa.go.ke/images/downloads/reviewreports/nema_procurement_review.pdf
Ian D. Thompson Kimiko Okabe Jason M. Tylianakis Pushpam Kumar E, ckehard G. Brockerh off Nancy A. Schellhorn John A. Parrotta Robert Nasi Bio Science, (December 2011) Volume 61, Issue 12(1), Pages 972–981. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.127
Jahnke HE, Jahnke HE. 1982. Livestock production systems and livestock development in tropical Africa, 35.
Kenya Vision. 2030 Report. 2007. www.vision2030.go.ke/
Kleijn D, Kohler F, Báldi A, Batáry P, Concepción ED, Clough Y, Díaz M, Gabriel D, Holzschuh A, Knop E, Kovács A, Marshall EJ. P, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J. 2009. On the relationship between farmland biodiversity and land-use intensity in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society 276, 903 – 909.
Kuemmerle T, Hostert P, Radeloff VC, Van der Linden S, Perzanowski K, Kruhlov I. (2008). Cross-border comparison of post-socialist farmland abandonment in the Carpathians. Ecosystems 11, 614 – 628.
Kuosmanen T, Kortelainen M. 2004. Data Envelopment Analysis in environmental valuation: environmental performance, eco-efficiency and cost-benefit analysis. Working paper, ISBN 952-458- 528-6. http://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_isbn_952-458-528-6/urn_isbn_952-458-528-6.pdf
Kuosmanen T, Kortelainen M. 2005. Measuring Eco- efficiency of Production with Data Envelopment Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 9(4), 59– 72.
Lambin EF, Meyfroidt P. 2010. Land use transitions: Socio-ecological feedback versus socioeconomic change. Land Use Policy 27, 108–118.
Lauwers LH, Van Huylenbroeck G. 2003. Materials balance based modelling of environmental efficiency. Paper at the 25th International Conference of Agricultural Economists, August 16-22, 2003, Durban, South Africa.
Lesschen JP, Stoorvogel JJ, Smaling EMA. 2004. Scaling soil nutrient balances. Enabling mesolevel applications for African realities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 15) ISBN: 9251052379 – 132 p. http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/338476
Mac Donald D, Crabtree JR, Wiesinger G, Dax, T, Stamou N, Fleury P, Gutierrez Lazpita J, Gibon A. 2000. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental Consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management 59, 47–69.
McDermott JJ, Staal SJ, Freeman HA, Herrero M, Van de Steeg JA. 2010. Sustaining intensification of smallholder livestock systems in the tropics. Livestock science 130(1), 95-109.
Michelsen O, de Boer L. 2009. Green procurement in Norway; a survey of practices at the municipal and county level. Journal of Environmental Management 91, 160–167.
Mulwa RM. 2006. Economic and Environmental performance of Sugarcane Production in Kenya: Non-Parametric Frontier Approaches. Margraf Publishers. Nuppenau, E. A., Waldhardt, R., Solovyeva, I. (2011). Biodiversity and Traditional Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture: Implications for Interdisciplinary Research in the Carpathian Mountains. In: Knowles, Barbara (Ed.), Conference proceedings “Mountain hay meadows – hotspots of biodiversity and traditional culture”, Gyimesközéplok, Romania 7-9 Juni 2010, Society of Biology, London, 2011 ISBN: 978-0-900490-40-8.
Murithi FM. 1998. Economic evaluation of the role of livestock in mixed smallholder farms of the central highlands of Kenya. PhD thesis, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, UK.
Muriuki HG. 2011. Dairy development in Kenya. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome. www.fao.org/3/a-al745e.pdf
Mutembei HM, Tsuma VT, Muasa BT, Mraya, J, Mutiga ER. 2015. Bovine Invitro Embryo Production and its Contribution Towards Improved Food Security in Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 15(1), 9722-9743.
Reinhard S, Lovell CAK, Thijssen G. 1999. Econometric estimation of technical and environmental efficiency: An application to Dutch dairy farms. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81, 44-60.
Reinhard S, Lovell CAK, Thijssen G. 2000. Environmental efficiency with multiple environmentally detrimental variables; estimated with SFA and DEA. European Journal of Operational Research 121, 287-303.
Schader C. 2009. Cost-effectiveness of organic farming for achieving environmental policy targets in Switzerland. PhD Thesis. Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Wales. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.
Singer P. 2011. Practical Ethics, Third Edition. Cambridge University Press. 202–03p. ISBN 978-0521707688.
Sipiläinen T, Marklund PO, Huhtala A. 2008. Efficiency in agricultural production of biodiversity: Organic vs. conventional practices. Paper prepared for presentation at the 107th EAAE Seminar “Modeling of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies”. Sevilla, Spain, January 29th – February 1st, 2008.
Solovyeva I, Nuppenau EA. 2012. Improving Measures for Targeting Agri-Environmental Payments: The Case of High Nature Value Farming. European Association of Agricultural Economists, 126th Seminar, Capri, Italy, 27-29 June 2012. Ag Econ Search.
Solovyeva I, Nuppenau EA, Biro R, Larkham K. 2011. Traditional Farming Systems and Transition Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture: A Comparative Analysis of Institutions and Cooperation in Romanian and Ukrainian Rural Areas of the Carpathian Mountains. IASC Conference proceedings ‘Shared Resources in a Rapidly Changing World, European Regional Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons’, Plovdiv, Bulgaria 14-17 September 2011, Digital Library of the Commons.
Tasser E, Tappeiner U. 2002. Impact of land use changes on mountain vegetation. Applied Vegetation Science 5, 173–184.
The Kenya National Biodiversity Strategy. And Action Plan. 2000. Ministry of Environment & IMP 00015.
Thornton PK. 2010. Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365(1554), 2853–2867. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0134
Thorpe W, Muriuki HG, Omore AO, Owango, MO, Staal SJ. 2000. Dairy development in Kenya: the past, the present and the future. Paper presented at the Annual Symposium of the Animal Production Society of Kenya (APSK). Theme: Challenges to Animal Production in this Millennium, KARI Headquarters, Nairobi, March 22-23, 2000. Nairobi (Kenya). https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/1723
UNEP. 2016. UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.
UNEP-WCMC. 2016. The State of Biodiversity in Africa: A mid-term review of progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
Van Huylenbroeck G, Whitby M. 1999. Countryside Stewardship: Farmers, Policies and Markets. Pergamon, Amsterdam, 232 p. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/119806
Mutembei Henry M’Ikiugu, Bessy Eva Kathambi (2018), The Kenyan perspective on adoption of green concept in biodiversity conservation: Case of Nairobi, Kenya; JBES, V12, N1, January, P73-82
https://innspub.net/the-kenyan-perspective-on-adoption-of-green-concept-in-biodiversity-conservation-case-of-nairobi-kenya/
Copyright © 2018
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0