home icon user icon
Welcome to International Network for Natural Sciences | INNS Pub.
Home My Account
Submit Manuscript
double_slash
breadcumb_bg

The pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) gene frequency and its impact on the enzyme activity in house fly, Muscadomestica L. from Faisalabad, Pakistan

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/11/2019
Views (227) Download (9)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

The pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) gene frequency and its impact on the enzyme activity in house fly, Muscadomestica L. from Faisalabad, Pakistan

Bushra Riaz, Muhammad Kashif Zahoor, Kausar Malik, Aftab Ahmad, Farhat Jabeen, Nazia Khalil, Atta Ullah, Muhammad Zulhussnain, KanwalRanian, Samina Qamar
Int. J. Biosci.15( 5), 195-204, November 2019.
Certificate: IJB 2019 [Generate Certificate]
Key: Enzyme inhibitionkdrPyrethroidsResistantSusceptible

Abstract

House fly, Muscadomesticaact as a vector of various pathogens viz. virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes; and is responsible for transmitting wide variety of human and veterinary diseases. It is one of the major concerns due to its high fecundity and hence, poses a serious concern to control. Although, different groups of insecticides are being used for its control; however, resistance has been reported against pyrethroids. The current study was conducted to monitor the frequency of pyrethroid resistance gene kdr in house fly populations of District Faisalabad. The molecular and biochemical assays were performed on fly samples from eleven different sites. DNA was amplified for knock down resistance genethrough PASA (PCR Amplification of Specific Alleles) method by using outer primers kdr1 and kdr4, and the inner primers kdr2 and kdr3 which specifically amplify the domain-II of kdrgene. Two populations were found homozygous susceptible (+/+; 18%); whereas three populations were found genetically homozygous resistant (-/-; 27%) which are insensitive to pyrethroid insecticides. Similarly, six populations were found heterozygous (+/-; 55%) for kdr suggesting thereby that at least 1/4th homozygous resistant (-/-) house fly populations with insensitivity to pyrethroids would be produced in future keeping in view the Mendelian ratio. Biochemical assay showed that homozygous resistant and heterozygous populations had increased activity of Acetylcholinestarse (AChE), α-Carboxylesterase (α-Carboxyl), β-Carboxylesterase (β-Carboxyl), Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP) and Acidic Phosphatase (ACP) enzymes. The current results, strongly suggests that management program for pyrethoidsinsecticides resistance should be implementedin future countrywide.

VIEWS 6
Cover PDF

Abbot WS. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18(2), 265-267.

Akiner MM, Çaglar SS. 2012. Monitoring of five different insecticide resistance status in Turkish house fly Muscadomestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) populations and the relationship between resistance and insecticide usage profile. Türkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 36(2), 87.

Al-Deeb MA. 2014. Pyrethroid insecticide resistance kdr gene in the house fly, Muscadomestica (Diptera: Muscidae), in the United Arab Emirates. Agricultural Sciences 5(14), 1522.

Ashraf HM, Zahoor MK, Nasir S, Majeed HN, Zahoor S. 2016. Genetic analysis of Aedesaegypti using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers from dengue outbreaks in Pakistan. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 10(4), 546.

Axtell RC. 1986. Fly management in poultry production: cultural, biological, and chemical. Poultry Science 65(4), 657-667.

Busvine JR. 1951.Mechanism of resistance to insecticide in houseflies. Nature 193-5.

Denholm I, Sawicki RM, Farnham AW. 1985. Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Muscadomestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). IV. The population biology of flies on animal farms in south-eastern England and its implications for the management of resistance. Bulletinof Entomological Research 75(2), 291-304.

Forster M, Klimpel S, Sievert K. 2009. The house fly (Muscadomestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany. Veterinary Parasitology 160(1), 163-167.

Hogsette JA. 1996. Development of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in sand containing varying amounts of manure solids and moisture. Journal of Economic Entomology 89(4), 940-945.

Huang J, Kristensen M, Qiao CL, Jespersen JB. 2004. Frequency of kdr gene in house fly field populations: correlation of pyrethroid resistance and kdr frequency. Journal of Economic Entomology 97(3), 1036-1041.

Keiding J, Arevad K. 1964. Procedure and equipment for rearing a large number of housefly strains. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 31(4), 527.

Khan H, Abbas N, Shad SA, Afzal MBS. 2014. Genetics and realized heritability of resistance to imidacloprid in a poultry population of house fly, Muscadomestica.(Diptera: Muscidae) from Pakistan. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 114, 38-43.

Malik A, Singh N, Satya S. 2007. House fly (Muscadomestica): a review of control strategies for a challenging pest. Journal of Environmental Science and Health part B 42(4), 453-469.

McCaffery AR. 1998. Resistance to insecticides in heliothine Lepidoptera: a global view. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353(1376), 1735-1750.

Moon RD, Hinton JL, O’Rourke SD, Schmidt DR. 2001. Nutritional value of fresh and composted poultry manure for house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology 94(5), 1308-1317.

Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M. 2016.Insecticide resistance and its molecular basis in urban insect pests. Parasitology research 115(4), 1363-1373.

Riaz B, Zahoor MK, Zahoor MA, Majeed HN, Javed I, Ahmad A, Jabeen F, Zulhussnain M, Sultana K. 2018. Toxicity, Phytochemical Composition, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Some Indigenous Weed Plant Extracts in Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018. http://dx.doi.org/doi.org/10.1155/2018/2325659

Sawicki RM. 1978.Unusual response of DDT-resistant houseflies to carbinol analogues of DDT. Nature 275(5679), 443.

Singh S, Prakash S. 2013. Development of resistance in Triboliumcastaneum, Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) towards deltamethrin in laboratory. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3(8), 1-4.

Smirle MJ, Zurowski CL, Thomas LD, Foottit RG. 2010. Relationship of insecticide tolerance to esterase enzyme activity in Aphis pomi and Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103(2), 374-378.

Sultana K, Zahoor MK, Sagheer M, Nasir S, Zahoor MA, Jabeen F, Bushra R. 2016. Insecticidal activity of weed plants, Euphorbia prostrata and Chenopodiastrummurale against stored grain insect pest TrogodermagranariumEverts, 1898 (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology 40(3), 291-301.

Sultana K, Zahoor MK, Sagheer M. 2019. Efficacy of Chrozophoraplicata and Trianthemaportuclacastrum weed plant extracts against TrogodermagranariumEverts under laboratory conditions. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 32(1), 143-152.

Soderlund DM, Bloomquist JR. 1990. Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance.In Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods Springer, Boston, MA (p. 58-96).

Wheelock GD, Scott JG. 1992. The role of cytochrome P450 in deltamethrin metabolism by pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains of house flies. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 43(1), 67-77.

Younes MW, Othman SE, Elkersh MA, Youssef NS, Omar GA. 2011. Effect of seven plant oils on some biochemicalparameters in Khapra beetle Trogodermagranarius Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). The Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology 7(1), 53-61.

Zahoor MK, Batool F, Nasir S, Rasool B, Jabeen F, Zahoor S, Majeed HN. 2017. Population dynamics and genetic homogeneity in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Faisalabad, Pakistan. Iranian Journal of Science & Technology 41(2), 277-285.

Submit Manuscript