Water quality risk assessment of Bitan-ag Creek downstream, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Paper Details
Water quality risk assessment of Bitan-ag Creek downstream, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
Abstract
The Bitan-ag creek downstream traversing the business district of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines was burdened by proliferation of informal settlers and ongoing construction projects, changing the landscape of the creek. This study was conducted to derive an estimate of risk assessment on the present water quality of the creek. Selected physicochemical analyses (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, salinity, acidity, and alkalinity), rapid toxicity test (brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLT)), risk quotient (RQ) analysis, and water quality index (WQI) served as basis to extrapolate creek water quality status. Overall, the studied physicochemical properties of Bitan-ag creek downstream were within the standards except for elevated concentrations of salinity, TDS, and conductivity. The RQ analyses indicated water quality risks with DO, salinity, TDS, and conductivity in all temporal factors. This was in agreement with WQI analyses indicating unsuitable water quality index. Risk assessment through BSLT similarly established LC50 of 9.293% v/v of the creek water. Extrapolating from the present findings, the Bitan-ag creek downstream was heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs of adjacent communities and establishments. Overall, the study can be a basis for policy implementation for the rehabilitation of the changed Bitan-ag creek landscape.
Achas ESM, Paquit KJC, Zambas MKF, Galarpe VRKR. 2014. Preliminary Analyses of Domestic Wastewater from Selected Communities in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7(1), 43-45.
Alambatin AKV, Germano JC, Pagaspas DL, Peñas FMD, Pun-an A, Galarpe VRK. 2017. Drinking Water Quality of Selected Tap Water Samples in Cagayan de Oro (District II), Philippines. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies 10(1).
Alobaidy AH, Abid HS, Maulood BK. 2010. Application of water quality index for assessment of Dokan lake ecosystem, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Journal of water resource and protection. Sep 12(9), 792-8.
APHA, AWWA, WEF. 2012. Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.
Bansilay JL, Felisilda MJB, Ibrahim MNB, Maraviles KJF, Villanueva RLA, Galarpe VRK. 2017. Physicochemical analyses of selected tap water samples from adjacent university community, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Sci.Int. (Lahore) 29(3), 633-638.
Bernas GC, Gonzales AB, Pizzolati RC, Ysrael MC. 2004. A guidebook to plant screening: phytochemical and biological: pharmacology-toxicology section. University of Santo Tomas, Manila Philippines.
Bordalo AA, Teixeira R, Wiebe WJ. 2006. A water quality index applied to an international shared river basin: the case of the Douro River. Environmental management 38(6), 910-920.
Canencia OP, Lituañas CRM, Ansigbat VV, Ascaño II CP, Tulang RO, Yañez SS. 2011. A Comprehensive Analysis on the Dynamics of Biodiversity and Bitan-ag Creek Watershed Interactions: Ecosystem Approach for Rehabilitation. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology 9(1), 1-1.
Diwakar PG, Ansari AA. 1995. Flowering plants of lonar Lake National monument – check list. J. Econ. Tax. Bot 19(1), 1-8.
Finney DJ. 1952. Probit Analysis (2nd Ed), Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 78(3), 388-390.
Flores MJ, Zafaralla M. 2012, An Assessment of the Physicochemical Parameters of Mananga River, Cebu, Philippines. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation 4(1), 1-1.
Galarpe VR, Parilla R. 2014. Analysis of heavy metals in Cebu City sanitary landfill, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 1,17(1),50-9.
Galarpe VR, Parilla RB. 2012. Influence of seasonal variation on the bio physicochemical properties of leachate and groundwater in Cebu City Sanitary Landfill, Philippines. International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. Jun 3(3).
Gupta OP. 2007. Weedy aquatic plants and their Utility Menace and Management. Publ. Agrobios India 31.
Ideriah TJ, Amachree O, Stanley HO. 2010. Assessment of water quality along Amadi creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Scientia Africana 9(1), 150-162.
Izonfuo LWA, Bariweni AP. 2001. The effect of urban runoff water and human activities on some physico-chemical parameters of the Epie Creek in the Niger Delta. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 5(1).
Jain P, Sharma JD, Sohu D, Sharma P. 2006. Chemical analysis of drinking water of villages of Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur District. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology: (IJEST) 1,2(4), 373.
Kabingue VFC, Aranico EC, Bracamonte NL, Amparado Jr RF. 2014. Coping mechanism of flood vulnerable households along Bitan-ag Creek, Cagayan de Oro city, Philippines. Advances in Environmental Sciences 6(2).
Labajo-Villantes Y. 2014. Water quality assessment of Labo and Clarin Rivers in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. Oct 31,6(10), 735-42.
Maglangit F, Galapate R, Bensig E. 2014. Physico-chemical Assessment of the Water Quality of Buhisan River, Cebu, Philippines. International Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Technology 4, 83-7.
Maglangit FF, Galapate RP, Bensig EO. 2015. An assessment of the organic pollution level of Buhisan, Bulacao and Lahug rivers, Cebu, Philippines. WALIA Journal 31(S3), 61-4.
Martinez FB, Mijares MB, Galera IC. 2011. Assessment of the Water Quality of Mamba River of Mts. Palaypalay/Mataasna Gulod, Southern Luzon, Philippines. In International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Process. IPCBEE (Vol. 10).
Meher PK, Sharma P, Gautam YP, Kumar A, Mishra KP. 2015. Evaluation of Water Quality of Ganges River Using Water Quality Index Tool. Environment Asia. Jan 18(1).
Naubi I, Zardari NH, Shirazi SM, Ibrahim NF, Baloo L. 2016. Effectiveness of Water Quality Index for Monitoring Malaysian River Water Quality. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Jan 1,25(1).
Obire O, Tamuno DC, Wemedo SA. 2003. Physico-chemical quality of Elechi creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 7(1), 43-49.
Orozco GP, Zafaralla MT. 2011. Socio-economic study of two major metro Manila Esteros. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 14(1).
Orozco GP, Zafaralla MT. 2012. Biophysico-chemical and socioeconomic study of two major Manila esteros. Biology Education for Social and Sustainable Development 161-171.
Paler MMO, Ancog, R. 2014. Copper, lead, and zinc concentration in water, sediments, and catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Gunther) from Butuanon river, Metro Cebu, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8, 2319-2399.
Palmes ND, Del Rosario RM. 2010. Bitan-ag Creek Water: Its Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Characteristics. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology 8(1), 1-1.
Salvane LA, Felicilda K, Rabadon C, Vasay MM, Equipelag L, Duco DM, Galarpe VRK. 2017. Analyses of Physicochemical Parameters of Selected Tap Water Samples in Cagayan de Oro (District I), Philippines. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) 2(5), 53-58.
Trivedy and Goel RK. 1986. Chemical and biochemical methods for water pollution studies, Environmental Publication, Karad Maharashtra.
World Health Organisation (WHO). 2011.Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th Ed.). Geneva.
Yadav AK, Khan P, Sharma SK. Water Quality Index. 2010. Assessment of Groundwater in Todaraisingh Tehsil of Rajasthan State, India-A Greener Approach. Journal of Chemistry. 7(S1), S428-32.
Aivie Pedroza, Andre Achas, Lowilla Alianza, Reymart Sumalinog, Rica Bangot, Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe, 2017. Water quality risk assessment of Bitan-ag Creek downstream, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 11(2), 194-203.
Copyright © 2017 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.