Seed and cone biometry of Juniperus excelsa from three Provenances in Balochistan
Paper Details
Seed and cone biometry of Juniperus excelsa from three Provenances in Balochistan
Abstract
In present study cone and seed traits of the J. excelsa in three distinct regions namely Ziarat, Zarghoon Ghar and Harboi districts of Balochistan were analyzed. The aim of this study was to compare the biometrical characters of cone and seed of J. excelsa growing in three provenances in Balochistan with the intention to verify whether the spatial segregation had brought any variation in the provenances with respect to biometric characteristics. Inter-population differences were greater than intra-population differences with regard to cone size and number of seeds per cone. Maximum number of seeds per cone was found to be 8 and seed size was reduced with the increase in number of seeds in a cone. The percentage of the maximum number of filled seeds was higher in Ziarat. The mean values of cone diameter, cone mass and seed mass were also comparatively higher in Ziarat; while the average values of empty and dead seeds per cone were higher in Zarghoon Ghar. Elevation was found to effect on the number of filled seeds. At least 75 percent seeds were found to be empty and dead filled shrunken seeds. Infested and bored seed coat seeds were also found. The populations of Ziarat and Zarghoon Ghar varied with respect to cone and seed morphological characteristics, though they were located adjacent to each other. However, the spatially segregated populations of Ziarat and Harboi were closely related with respect to cone and seed morphological characteristics.
Adams RP, Demeke T, Abulfatih HA. 1993. RAPD DNA fingerprints and terpenoids: Clues to past migrations of Juniperus in Arabia and east Africa. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 87, 22-26.
Adams RP, Demeke T. 1993. Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Taxon 42, 553-571.
Adams RP. 2008. Junipers of the world: The genus Juniperus, 4th Edn. Bloomington Indianapolis, USA: Trafford Publishing Company Ltd.
Ahani H, Jalilvand H, Nasr HMS, Kouhbanani SH, Ghazi RM, Mohammadzadeh H. 2013. Reproduction of Juniper (Juniperus polycarpos) in KhorasanRazavi, Iran. Forest Science Practice 15(3), 231-237.
Ahmed M, Naqvi EE, Wang LM. 1990. Present state of Juniper in Rodh-Mallazai Forest of Baluchistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal Forestry 14, 227-236.
Arista M, Talavera S. 1996. Density effect on the fruit-set, seed crop viability and seedling vigor of Abies pinsapo. Annals of Botany 77, 187-192.
Barbero M,Lebreton PH,Quezel P.1994. Sur les affinities bio systématiques etphy toécologiques de Juniperus thurifera L. et de Juniperus excelsa Bieb. Ecologia Mediterranea 20(3/4), 21-37.
Brus R, Ballian D, Zhelev P, Pandž M, Bobinac M, Acevski J, Raftoyannis Y, Jarni K. 2010. Absence of geographical structure of morphological variation in Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in the Balkan Peninsula. European Journal of Forest Research 10, 1007/s10342-010-0457-1.
Champion HG, Seth SK, Khattak GM. 1965. Forests types of Pakistan. Peshawar, Pakistan: Pakistan Forest Institute Press.
Cruden RW. 1972. Pollinators at high elevations ecosystems: Relative effectiveness of birds and bees. Science 176, 1439-1440.
Douaihy B, Sobierajska K, Jasinska AK, Boratynska K, Tolga OK, Romo A, Machon N, Didukh Y, Dagher-Kharrat MB, Boratynski A. 2012. Morphological versus molecular markers to describe variability in Juniperus excelsa subsp. excelsa (Cupressaceae). AoB Plants. Doi: 10.1093/ aobpla/pls013.
Douaihy B, Vendramin GG, Boratyn´ski A, Machon N, Bou Dagher-Kharrat M. 2011. High genetic diversity with moderate differentiation in Juniperus excelsa from Lebanon and the eastern Mediterranean region. AoB Plants. Doi: 10,1093/ aobpla/plr003.
Farjon A. 1992.The taxonomy of multiseed Junipers (Juniperus sect. Sabina) in South west Asia and East Africa (Taxonomic notes on Cupressaceae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 49, 251-283.
Farjon A. 1998. World checklist and bibliography of conifers, Kew UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Farjon A. 2005. A monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Farjon A. 2010. A handbook of the world’s conifers, Vol. II. Leiden, Nederland: Brill Academic Publishers.
Fuentes M, Schupp EW. 1998. Empty seeds reduce seed predation by birds in Juniperus osteosperma. Evolutionary Ecology 12, 823-827.
Garcίa D, Zamora R, Gόmez JM, Jordano P, Hόdar JA. 2000. Geographical variation in seed production, predation and abortion in Juniperus communis throughout its range in Europe. Journal of Ecology 88, 436-446.
Gauquelin T, Bertaudière-Montès V, Badri W, Montès N. 2002. Sex ratio and sexual dimorphism in mountain dioeciousthuriferous Juniper (Juniperus thurifera L. Cupressaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 138, 237-244.
Houle G, Babeux P. 1994. Variations in rooting ability and in seed characteristics of five populations of Juniperus communis var. depressa from subarctic Quebec. Canadian Journal of Botany 72, 493-498.
Huntley B, Birks HB. 1983. An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe, 0-13000 years ago. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
ISTA. (International Seed Testing Association). 1996. International rules for seed testing. Rules and annexes 1993. Seed Science and Technology 21, 1-288.
Jimenez JF, Werner O, Sanchez-Gomez P, Fernandez S, Guerra J. 2003. Genetic variation and migration pathway of Juniperus thurifera L. (Cupressaceae) in the western Mediterranean region. Israel Journal of Plant Science 51, 11-22.
Kaplan DR. 2001. The science of plant morphology: definition, history, and role in modern biology. American Journal of Botany 88, 1711-1741.
Khajjak MH, Raza AM, Shawani MN, Fayyaz A, Ghazala S, Saeed M. 2012. Comparative analysis of essential oil contents of Juniperus excelsa (M. Bieb.) found in Balochistan, Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 8154-8159.
Klimko M, Boratynska K, Montserrat JMY, Didukh Y, Romo A, Gomez D, Kluza-wieloch M, Marcysiak K, Boratynski A. 2007.Morphological variation of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. Oxycedrus (Cupressaceae) in the Mediterranean region. Flora 202, 133-147.
Marcysiak K, Mazur M, Romo A, Montserrat JM, Didukh Y, Boratynska K, Jasinska A,Kosinski P, Boratynski A. 2007. Numerical taxonomy of Juniperus thurifera, J. excelsa and J. foetidissima (Cupressaceae) based on morphological characters. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155, 483-495.
Mazur M, Boratynska K, Marcysiak K, Didukh Y, Romo A, Kosinski P, Boratynski A. 2004. Low level of inter-populational differentiation in Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (Cupressaceae). Dendrobiology 52, 39-46.
Mazur M, Klajbor K, Kielich M, Sowińska M, Romo A, Montserrat JM, Boratyński A. 2010. Intra-specific differentiation of Juniperus phoenicea in the western Mediterranean region revealed in morphological multivariate analysis. Dendrobiology 63, 21-23.
Mohan RB, Uma SB, Ganeshaiah KN. 1996 Intra-fruit seed abortion in a wing dispersed tree, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb: Proximate mechanism. Sexual Plant Reproduction 9, 273-278.
Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME. 1991. Pollen analysis. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd. 216p.
Mugnaini S, Nepi M, Guarnieri M, Piotto B, Pacini E. 2007. Pollination drop in Juniperus communis: Response to deposited material. Annals of Botany 100, 1475-1481.
Nasir E, Siddiqui MA, Ali Z. 1960. Gymnosperms of West Pakistan. Rawalpindi Pakistan: Gordon College.
Ortiz PL, Arista M, Talavera S. 1998. Low reproductive success in two subspecies of Juniperus oxycedrus L. International Journal of Plant Science 159, 843-847.
Ortiz PL, Arista M, Talavera S. 2002. Sex ratio and reproductive effort in the dioecious Juniperus communis subsp. Alpina (Suter) Čelak. (Cupressaceae) along an altitudinal gradient. Annals of Botany 89, 205-211.
Rafi M. 1965. Vegetation types of Balochistan Province. Lahore Pakistan: Pakistan Government Printing Press.
Sarangzai AM, Moinuddin A, Alia A, Lubna T, Umer JS. 2012. The ecology and dynamics of Juniperus excelsa forest in Balochistan-Pakistan. Pakistan Journal Botany 44(5), 1617-1625.
Schulz C, Jagel A, Stützel T. 2003. Cone morphology in Juniperus in the light of cone evolution in Cupressaceae. Flora 198, 161-177.
Shaheen H, Qureshi AR, Shinwari Z. 2011. Structural diversity, Vegetation dynamics and anthropogenic impact on lesser Himalayan subtropical forests of Bagh district, Kashmir. Pakistan Journal Botany 43(4), 1861-1866.
Sheikh IS. 1985. Afforestation in Juniper forests of Balochistan. Peshawar Pakistan: Pakistan Forest Institute.
Sultangaziev O, Schueler S, Geburek T. 2010. Morphometric traits and sexual dimorphisms do not strongly differentiate populations of Zeravshan Juniper (Juniperus seravschanica kom.) in Kyrgystan. Flora 205, 532-539.
Takhtajan Al. 1986. Floristic regions of the world. Berkeley USA: University of California Press.
Ward LK. 2007. Lifetime sexual dimorphism in Juniperus communis var. communis. Plant Species Biology 22, 11-12.
Willson MF, Burley N. 1983. Mate choice in plants. Princeton NJ USA: University Press, Princeton.
Muhammad Hussain Khajjak, Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Naeem Shahwani, Shahjahan Shabbir Ahmed, Ghazala Shaheen, Asma Yousafzai, Nazeer Ahmed Durrani (2017), Seed and cone biometry of Juniperus excelsa from three Provenances in Balochistan; IJB, V10, N1, January, P345-355
https://innspub.net/seed-and-cone-biometry-of-juniperus-excelsa-from-three-provenances-in-balochistan/
Copyright © 2017
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0