Sensory qualities, proximate composition and microbial activity of cacao pod-based food products

Paper Details

Research Paper 09/10/2025
Views (98)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Sensory qualities, proximate composition and microbial activity of cacao pod-based food products

John Carlo L. Banan, Aiza T. Ramos
Int. J. Biosci. 27(4), 48-56, October 2025.
Copyright Statement: Copyright 2025; The Author(s).
License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Abstract

This research investigates the possibilities of healthy and sustainable food options from cacao pod (husk) using cacao pod husk flour and cacao noodles. Nutritional analysis of the cacao pod husk flour also found that it was 6.98% protein, 27.35% fiber and just 0.32% fat, which make it a wonderful source of plant protein and fiber. Data for cacao noodles were followed by 6.52% and 4.62% of protein and fiber, respectively, and little content in fat, which were a good supplement for daily diet. Microbial examinations revealed that both products were safe to eat, with low coliform, yeast, mold and E. coli counts. Participant sensory evaluations revealed the great taste, texture, and aroma of the products, although their appearance could be improved. In general, CPHF and CN are nutritionally safe, promising as functional food ingredients, and their appearance only needs to be modified slightly for enhanced consumer acceptance.

Adi-Dako M A, Asante D, Kwame E. 2016. Antibacterial properties of cocoa pod husk (CPH) pectin against common foodborne pathogens. Journal of Food Science and Technology 53(8), 2811–2818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-016-0385-7

Anoraga SB, Kley Valladares-Diestra A, Campos-Vega R. 2024. Cocoa pod husk as a source of bioactive compounds: Applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and environmental sustainability. Biotechnology Advances 45, 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.107846

Anoraga SB, Kley Valladares-Diestra A, Campos-Vega R. 2024. Innovations in green technology for cocoa pod husk valorization: From waste to functional products. Food Bioprocessing and Technology 12(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-02986-1

Campos-Vega R, Orozco SM, De la Torre MA. 2018. Cacao pod husks: A sustainable source of nutrients and antioxidants for food applications. Journal of Food Science and Technology 55(5), 2148–2155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-018-0432-0

De Oliveira JA, Pinto AP, Lima AR. 2022. Environmental impacts of cacao production: A case study on the waste generated by cacao pod husks and potential solutions. Environmental Sustainability Review 21(3), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsus.2022.04.007

Delgado-Ospina MJ, Mena M, González E. 2021. Cocoa production, by-products, and sustainability: The case of cocoa pod husk utilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69(10), 2915–2924. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2049787

FAO. 2021. Cacao and its role in food security and agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/cacao

Gallego JM, Gómez-Moreno C, Pérez-Álvarez JA. 2022. Environmental challenges associated with cocoa pod husk waste management and its impact on crop health. Environmental Sustainability Review 16(4), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsus.2022.01.010

ICCO. 2021. Annual report on global cacao production and trade. International Cocoa Organization. https://www.icco.org

IFAD. 2020. The socio-economic importance of cacao farming for rural communities. International Fund for Agricultural Development. https://www.ifad.org/cacao-farming

Kley Valladares-Diestra A, Peraza-Sánchez S R, Rodríguez-González C. 2022. Cacao pod husk as a raw material for functional food products. Food Research International 150, 110119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110119

Lu Y, Li M, Zhang X. 2018. Physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of cocoa pod husk and its potential uses in food processing. Food Chemistry 262, 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.119

Nguyen VL, Tran ND, Nguyen PT. 2024. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of cocoa pod husk (CPH) as a functional food ingredient. Journal of Functional Foods 95, 104112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105477

WCF. 2021. Cacao production and economic impact. World Cocoa Foundation Report. https://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/production-and-economic-impact

Yapo BI, Yeo LB, N’guessan K. 2013. Nutritional and physicochemical properties of cacao pod husk and its potential in value-added products. Food Research International 50(2), 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.10.010

Related Articles

Response of different soybean varieties to phosphorus fertilizer microdosing and rhizobium inoculation in the sub-humid zone of Northern Benin

Pierre G. Tovihoudji*, Kamarou-Dine Seydou, Lionel Zadji, Sissou Zakari, Valerien A. Zinsou, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 201-213, December 2025.

On-farm validation of black soldier fly larvae meal as a sustainable replacement for shrimp meal in rainbow trout diets in the mid hills of Nepal

Ishori Singh Mahato, Krishna Paudel*, Sunita Chand, Anshuka Bhattarai, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 189-200, December 2025.

Insect fauna associated with Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) in Parakou, A cotton-growing area of central Benin

Lionel Zadji*, Mohamed Yaya, Roland Bocco, Prudencia M. Tovignahoua, Abdou-Abou-Bakari Lassissi, Raphael Okounou Toko, Hugues Baimey, Leonard Afouda, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 175-188, December 2025.

First record of two hymenopteran species, Brachymeria excarinata Gahan (Chalcididae) and Pteromalus sp. (Pteromalidae), as hyperparasitoids of Diadegma insulare in Senegal

Babacar Labou*, Etienne Tendeng, Mamadou Diatte, El hadji Sérigne Sylla, Karamoko Diarra, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 167-174, December 2025.

Hepatoprotective and antinociceptive effects of terpinolene in streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathic rats

Ravishankar Sarumathi, Muthukumaran Preethi, Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan*, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 156-166, December 2025.

Agromorphological characterization of six promising bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.] genotypes under selection in Burkina Faso

Adjima Ouoba*, Ali Lardia Bougma, Dominique Nikiéma, Mahamadi Hamed Ouédraogo, Nerbéwendé Sawadogo, Mahama Ouédraogo, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 145-155, December 2025.

Integrated in silico and in vitro analyses reveal E-cadherin crosstalk and TF: FVIIa complex-mediated trophoblast motility via MEK/JNK activation

Kirthika Manoharan, Jagadish Krishnan, Vijaya Anand Arumugam, Shenbagam Madhavan*, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 136-144, December 2025.

Effect of flooding depth and harvest intensity on soil moisture dynamics and production of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seedlings

Sissou Zakari, Pierre G. Tovihoudji, Mouiz W. I. A. Yessoufou, Sékaro Amamath Boukari, Vital Afouda, Imorou F. Ouorou Barrè, Int. J. Biosci. 27(6), 127-135, December 2025.