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Assessment of physico-chemical, heavy metal, and microbiological quality of spring water sources in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

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Research Paper 10/01/2026
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Assessment of physico-chemical, heavy metal, and microbiological quality of spring water sources in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

Ronnie L. Besagas*
J. Biodiv. & Environ. Sci. 28(1), 96-101, January 2026.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12692/jbes/28.1.96-101
Copyright Statement: Copyright 2026; The Author(s).
License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Abstract

This study evaluated the water quality of three major spring sources—Dumaguing, Faustina, and Napapong—in the municipality of Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Water samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and microbiological quality (Total Coliform and Escherichia coli). The results indicated that the physico-chemical characteristics of all three springs, including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chlorides, were well within the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW), as well as USEPA and WHO guidelines. Heavy metal analysis showed that lead, cadmium, aluminum, arsenic, mercury, antimony, copper, and iron were generally below detection limits, with only trace amounts of zinc detected in Dumaguing spring. However, microbiological analysis revealed a significant health risk for Faustina and Napapong springs, which tested positive for E. coli and exhibited high total coliform counts (TNTC). Dumaguing spring was found to be free of E. coli with minimal coliform presence. The study concludes that while the physico-chemical and heavy metal profiles suggest the water is chemically safe, the microbial contamination in two of the three springs necessitates immediate disinfection and regular monitoring to ensure public health safety.

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Besagas RL, Asoy AY, Ceniza MS, Leopoldo GD, Dael NT, Del Rosario RM. 2015. Upland and Coastal Freshwater Sources in Misamis Oriental, Philippines: A Comparison of Water Quality. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology 13, 1-11.

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Besagas RL, Del Rosario RM, Leopoldo GD, Ceniza MS, Dael NT, Asoy AY. 2024. Evaluating the Water Quality of Key Freshwater Sources in Gingoog City, Philippines. International Journal of Biosciences 25(6), 101-107.

Leopoldo GD, Ceniza MS, Besagas RL, Asoy AY, Dael NT, Del Rosario RM. 2017. Assessment of freshwater quality of different deepwell sources in Western Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Science International (Lahore) 29(4), 1003-1006.

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