Evaluation of dairy milk and animal feed for the presence of pathogenic bacteria across different Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Paper Details
Evaluation of dairy milk and animal feed for the presence of pathogenic bacteria across different Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Abstract
Milk is a perfect biological fluid that provides excellent media for the growth of microorganisms, hence serving as a vehicle for transmission of food borne pathogens in humans. This study was conducted to assess the bacterial contamination of dairy milk and animal feed in different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Among 180 raw milk samples; 19.4% Salmonella, 41.1% Escherichia coli, 29.4% Staphylococcus aureus, 19.4% Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 16.1% Klebsiella species were identified. Tetra pack milk samples showed no growth of any pathogenic bacteria which could be attributed to effective pasteurization methods. Out of 180 animal feed (cottonseed cake 90, Wanda 90) samples; 26.6% Salmonella and 18.5% E. coli contamination was found. The significant value of raw and tetrapack milk was noted for both (p <0.0001). The bacterial contamination in raw milk at several less developed and less facilitated areas could be attributed to the unsatisfactory and unhygienic conditions during production and processing of raw milk. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in animal feed and especially milk can potentially cause a number of diseases in cattle and humans ranging from short lived temporary vomiting, nausea, diarrhea to life threatening hemorrhagic colitis and Guillen barre syndrome. The study highlights the need of appropriate hygienic and sanitary measures to control and/or minimize the risk of bacterial contamination. Further research is recommended to identify the risk of transmission of food borne pathogens in raw milk at other regions of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP).
Bell AA, Howell CR, Stipanovic RD. 2010. Cotton Host-microbe interactions. In Physiology of cotton Springer, Dordrecht 187-205.
Bowen WH, Lawrence RA. 2003. Comparison of the carcinogenicity of cola, honey, cattle milk, and sucrose. Pediatrics 116(4), 921-926.
Bramley AJ, McKinnon CH, Robinson RK. 1990. The Microbiology of Raw Milk. J Dairy Science 1, 163-208.
Bramley AJ. 1982. Sources of Streptococcus uberis in the dairy herd: I. Isolation from bovine faces and from straw bedding of cattle. Journal of Dairy Research 49(3), 369-373.
Brown P, Will RG, Bradley R, Asher DM, Detwiler L. 2001. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerg Infectious Diseases 7, 6-16.
Coma J. 2003. Salmonella control in pork: effect of animal nutrition and feeding. Pig News Info 24, 49N–62N.
Da costa PM, Oliveira M, Bica A, Vaz-Pires P, Bernardo F. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from poultry feed and feed ingredients. Vet Microbiol. 120, 122-131.
Dargatz DA, Strohmeyer RA, Morley PS, Hyatt DR, Salman MD. 2005. Characterization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from cattle feed ingredients. Foodborne Pathogenic Diseases 2, 341-347.
Davis MA, Hancock DD, Rice DH, Call DR, DiGiacomo R, Samadpour M. 2003. Feedstuffs as a vehicle of cattle exposure to Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella enterica. Vet Microbiol 95, 199-210.
Delavenne E, Mounier J, Asmani K, Jany JL, Barbier G, Le Blay G. 2011. Fungal diversity in cow, goat and ewe milk. Int J of food microbial 151(2), 247-251.
Doyle CJ, Gleeson D, Jordan K, Beresford TP, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Cotter PD. 2015. Anaerobic sporeformers and their significance with respect to milk and dairy products. Int J Food Microbiol 197, 77-87.
Galton DM, Petersson LG, Merril WG. 1986. Effects of Pre- Milking Udder Preparation on Bacterial Counts of in Milk and on Teat. Journal Dairy Science. 69, 260-266.
Garedew. 2012. Identification of gram-negative bacteria from critical control points of raw and pasteurized cow milk consumed at Gondar town and its suburbs, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 12, 950.
Ge B, LaFon PC, Carter PJ, McDermott SD, Abbott J, Glenn A, Zhao S. 2013. Retrospective analysis of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus in animal feed ingredients. Foodborne pathogens and disease 10(8), 684-691.
Gran H. 2003. Occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in raw milk, cultured pasteurised milk and naturally soured milk produced at small-scale dairies in Zimbabwe. Food control 14(8), p. 539-544.
Hempen M, Unger F, Münstermann S, Seck MT, Niamy V. 2004. The hygienic status of raw and sour milk from smallholder dairy farms and local markets and potential risk for public health in The Gambia, Senegal and Guinea. Animal Health Research Working Paper 3. ITC (International Trypanotolerance Centre), Banjul, The Gambia, 54 pp.
Hockin JC, D’AOUST JY, Bowering D, Jessop JH, Khanna B, Lior H, Milling ME. 1989. An international outbreak of Salmonella nima from imported chocolate. Journal of Food Protection 52(1), 51-54.
Hogan JS, Smith KL, Hoblet KH, Todhunter DA, Schoenberger PS, Hueston WD, Pritchard DE, Bowman GL, Heider LE, Brockett BL, Conrad HR. 1989. Bacterial counts in beddings used on nine commercial dairies. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 250-258.
Ikwap K, Erume J, Owiny DO, Nasinyama GW, Melin L, Bengtsson B, Jacobson M. 2014. Salmonella species in piglets and weaners from Uganda: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and herd-level risk factors. Prev vet med 115(1), 39-47.
Ilyas F. 2011. Contaminated feed: Over 900 milch animals fall sick in Landhi. Daily Dawn. p. 18.
Javaid S, B Gadahi, JA, Khaskeli M, Bhutto MB, Kumbher S, Panhwa AH. 2009. Physical and chemical quality of market milk sold at Tandojam, Pakistan. Pakistan Vet. J. 29(1), 27-31.
Jeffrey JS, Kirk JH, Atwill ER, Cullor JS. 1998. Prevalence of selected microbial pathogens in processed poultry waste used as dairy cattle feed. Poultry Science 77, 808-811.
Kinley B, Rieck J, Dawson P, Jiang X. 2010. Analysis of Salmonella and enterococci isolated from rendered animal products. Can J Microbiol 56, 65-73.
Ksouri S, Djebir S, Hadef Y, Benakhla A. 2015. Survey of bovine mycotic mastitis in different mammary gland statuses in two north-eastern regions of Algeria. Mycopathologia 179(3-4), 327-331.
Kuma A, Abdisa M, Tolossa D. 2015. Evaluation of Hygienic Status and Marketing System of Raw Cow Milk in Different Critical Points of Oromia Special Zone. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research. GJSFR 15, 21-30.
Leigh JA. 1999. Streptococcus uberis: a permanent barrier to the control of bovine mastitis. Veterinary J. 157, 225-238.
Lowry FD. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus infections. North England J Med 339, 520-532.
Lynn TV, Hancock DD, Besser TE, Harrison JH, Rice DH, Stewart NT. 1998. The occurrence and replication of Escherichia coli in cattle feeds. J Dairy Sci 81, 1102-1108.
Maciorowski KG, Herrera P, Jones FT, Pillai SD, Ricke SC. 2006. Cultural and immunological detection methods for Salmonella spp. in animal feeds – a review. Vet Res Commun 30, 127-137.
Malinowski E, Lassa H, Klossowska A, Kuzma K. 2001. Variability among etiological agents of clinical mastitis in cows. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 45(2), 289-295.
Marin S, Ramos AJ, Cano-Sancho G, Sanchis V. 2013. Food Chem Toxicol 60, 218-237.
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V. 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, 607-25.
Motaung TE, Petrovski KR, Petzer IM, Thekisoe O, Tsilo TJ. 2017. Animal Health Res Rev 123(11), 1-12.
Myers N. 1987. The environmental basis of sustainable development. The Annals of Regional Science 21(3), p. 33-43.
Olutiola PO, Famurewa O, Sonntag HG. 2000. An introduction to General Microbiology: A practical approach. Second edition, Bolabay Publications, Ikeja. 161-177.
Omiccioli E, Amagliani G, Brandi G, Magnani M. 2009. A new platform for Real-Time PCR detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157 in milk. Food microbiology 26(6), 615-622.
Pasha TN. 2012. UVAS preparing curriculum for food inspector TG diploma. Vet. News Views. 7/16, 10.
Preston TR. 1986. Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines. A practical manual for research workers. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 50(2).
Shunda D, Habtamu T, Endale B. 2013. Assessment of bacteriological quality of raw cow milk at different critical points in Mekelle, Ethiopia. International Journal of Livestock Research 3(4), 42-48.
Weiler V, Udo HM, Viets T, Crane TA, De Boer IJ. 2014. Handling multi-functionality of livestock in a life cycle assessment: the case of smallholder dairying in Kenya. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 8, 29-38.
Yunus AW, Sulyok M, Böhm J. 2015. Mycotoxin Cocktail in the Samples of Oilseed Cake from Early Maturing Cotton Varieties Associated with Cattle Feeding Problems.Toxins 12,7(6), 2188-97.
Hamid Hassan, Bashir Ahmad, Fatima Gul, Nafees Bacha, Sarzameen Khan, Tariq Khan, Lalina Maroof, Aminulla, 2020. Evaluation of dairy milk and animal feed for the presence of pathogenic bacteria across different Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci., 16(1), 386-393.
Copyright © 2020 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.