Acute and sublethal effects of cypermethrin on fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio
Paper Details
Acute and sublethal effects of cypermethrin on fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio
Abstract
The discharge of improvident and inconsiderable level of organophosphorous pesticide, especially cypermethrin into aquatic bodies have caused ecological problems to all classes of aquatic organisms including fish. The study was made in assessing the toxic effects of cypermithrin on behavioral and mortality parameters of mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio.The observed percentage mortality of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio when exposed to the 10% emulsifiable concentration (E.C.) cypermethrin for time periods 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in static system toxicity is in the range of 0.26ppm, 0.23 ppm, 0.16 ppm, 0.14 ppm respectively. In the present study, the experimental fish exhibited different toxicity level for various time exposures. The mortality of the fish at different concentration of cypermethrin was determined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure. With the increase period of exposure (96 h), the fish showed mortality at less concentration and with decrease of duration of exposure the fish exhibited mortality at higher concentration. Several behavioral changes were observed when exposed to sublethal concentration of pesticides such as loss of schooling behavior, swimming near the water surface, hyper activity, erratic movements, seizures, loss of buoyancy, elevated cough, restlessness before death, darting movements and hitting against the walls of test tanks were noticed in all the species tested. A film of mucus was also observed all over the body and also on the gills. The study showed that use of cypermethrin is threat for the mirror carp and hence should be legitimated to use in agriculture.
Aguigwo JN. 2002. The toxic effects of cymbush pesticide on growth and survival of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). Aquatic Science 17, 81-84. https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v17i2.19916
APHA. 1998. American Public Health Association. In: Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, APHA/AWWA/WPCF, Washington, DC.
CHUBB J. 2001. Diseases of Carp and other Cyprinid Fishes. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science UK, p 264.
Coats JR, O’donnell Jeffrey NL. 1979. Toxicology of four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to rainbow trought. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23, 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01769951
Collins P, Cappello S. 2006. Cypermethrin toxicity to aquatic life: Bioassay for the freshwater prawn, Palaeomonetes argentines. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18, 10-14.
Finney DJ. 1971. Probit Analysis 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, UK; 333 p.
Israeli-Weinstein D, Kimmel E. 1998. Behavioural response of carp, Cyprinus carpio to ammonia stress. Aquaculture 165(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00251-8
Jagadeesan G, Vijayalakshmi S. 1999. Alterations in the behaviour patterns in Labeo rohita (Ham.) fingerlings induced by mercury. Indian Journal of Environmental Toxicology 9(1), 50-52.
Mathivanan R. 2004. Effects of sublethal concentration of quinophos on selected respiratory and biochemical parameters in the fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 14(1), 57-64.
Murthy KS, Kiran BR, Venkateshwarlu MV. 2013. A review on toxicity of pesticides in Fish. International Journal of Open Scientific Research, 1(1), 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351077361-1
Murthy AS. 1986. Toxicity of Pesticides to Fish. Volume 1, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA, p 143.
Nicholson HP. 1961. Aquatic pollution by pesticides. Pesticides pollution Control Science 158, 871-876. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3803.871
Prasanth MS, David M, Mathed SG. 2005. Behavioural changes in fresh water fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to cypermethrin. Journal of Environmental Biology 26(1), 141-144.
Ramasamy PK, Jeyaraj R, Rajkumar David AJ, Ramaswamy M. 2007. Toxicity of an organophosphorus pesticide, quinalphos to the catfish, Mystus vittatus. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental 17(4), 391-396.
Sabita B, Yadav RNS. 1995. Static bioassay and toxicity of two pesticides, roger and endosulfan to the air breathing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis with special references to behavior. Pollution Research 14(4), 435-438.
Sabra FS, Mehana EE. 2015. Pesticides Toxicity in Fish with Particular Reference to Insecticides, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3(1), 40-60. https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2015/3.1.40.57
Sadhu DN. 1993. Toxicity of an organophosphorous insecticide monocil to the air breathing fish, Channa punctuatus. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 3, 133-136.
Samajdar I, Mandal DK. 2015. Acute toxicity and impact of an organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos on some haematological parameters of an Indian minor carp, Labeo bata (Hamilton 1822). International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(1), 106-113.
Santhakumar M, Balaji M. 2000. Acute toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos and its effects on behavior of an air-breething fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Journal of Environmental Biology 21(2), 121-123.
Sarkar B, Chatterjee A, Adhikari S, Ayyappan S. 2005. Carbofuran and cypermethrin- induced histopathological alterations in the liver of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and its recovery. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21, 131-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00590.x
Shivakumar HB, David M. 2008. Effect of dimethoate on toxicity and oxygen consumption of the freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 8, 319-324.
Stephenson RK. 1983. A Comparative study of their toxicity to the Rainbow trout, fathead minnow and pimephales promelas. Sitting Bourne Shell Research (SBGR, 82, 298).
Veni SMS, Veeraiah K. 2014. Toxicity Effect of Cypermethrin (10% EC) to the Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology 2(4), 365-372.
Wang Y, Xiong L, Liu XP, Xie T, Wang K, Huang XQ, Feng ZL. 2006. Subacute toxicity of cypermethrin to carp. Journal of Agro-Environmental Science 25, 200-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0521(08)60081-9
Weber JB. 1972: Interaction of organic pesticides with particulate matter in aquaticsoil system, in fate of organic pesticides in the Aquatic Environment (Advances in Chemistry Series III). Faust, S.D., Eds. American Chemical Society Washington D.C. p 55. https://doi.org/10.1021/ba-1972-0111.ch004
World Health Organization (WHO). 1989. Cypermethrin. Environmental Health Criteria 82. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, International Labor Organization, and WHO.
Md. Sherazul Islam, Sumaiya Afrin, Puja Boidya, 2020. Acute and sublethal effects of cypermethrin on fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio. Int. J. Biosci., 16(6), 227-234.
Copyright © 2020 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.