Bioscience and economic and multi-dimensional approaches to sustainable cacao production: A model for livelihood, environmental stewardship, and technology adoption in Lasam, Cagayan, Philippines

Abstract

This extension-driven research project examines how bioscience innovations and community-based economic strategies advance sustainable cacao production in Lasam, Cagayan, Philippines. The program integrates plant biosciences, agroecology, capacity building, and technology adoption to strengthen local livelihoods and promote climate-resilient agroecosystems. Using descriptive, developmental, and qualitative approaches, the study assessed outcomes of nursery establishment, training interventions, technology dissemination, and livelihood adoption among cacao farmers. Results show that bioscience-based propagation techniques generated more than 5,000 high-quality cacao seedlings, significantly improving field survival, growth vigor, and overall farm productivity. Training programs enhanced the competencies of over 600 farmers in cacao agronomy, plant physiology, integrated pest management, postharvest bioconversion, and value-adding technologies that support small-scale processing. Economic outcomes included a 25–30% increase in household income, diversification of livelihood streams through cacao by-products, and strengthened local enterprise development driven by improved market access and community partnerships. Ecologically, the adoption of cacao agroforestry systems enhanced on-farm biodiversity, soil fertility, and microclimatic stability, contributing to long-term environmental sustainability. Social impacts included stronger community engagement, increased participation of women in processing and marketing, and enhanced local leadership in agricultural initiatives. Overall, the project demonstrates that integrating bioscience research, economic empowerment, and extension services provides a scalable model for rural development, sustainable agriculture, and climate-adaptive farming communities.