Disturbed activities of the detoxifying enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatases, of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by four plant growth regulators
Paper Details
Disturbed activities of the detoxifying enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatases, of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by four plant growth regulators
Abstract
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is a worldwide insect pest damaging wax combs and feeding on bee‐hive products. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impacts of the plant growth regulators (PGRs), viz., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), on the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in larvae and pupae of this pest. The 3rd instar larvae were force-fed on diet supplemented with LC50 values of these PGRs (0.24, 0.022, 0.16 and 0.085ppm, of IAA, IBA, 2,4-D and 6-BA, respectively). These larvae were continuously fed on the treated diet throughout the larval stage. Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined in 5th and 7th instar larvae, as well as in pupae of three ages. The most important results could be summarized as follows. All PGRs predominantly induced the treated larvae to gain remarkably increasing activity of ACP, regardless the PGR or the larval instar. In contrast, the ACP activity in pupae of different ages was prevalently reduced by all PGRs. With regard to the disturbed ALP activity, IAA, IBA and 2,4-D exhibited considerably inducing effects on the enzyme activity in 5th and 7th instar larvae. On the contrary, 6-BA had remarkably reducing potency against ALP activity in the larvae. In addition, all PGRs exhibited predominant reducing effects on the enzyme activity throughout the pupal stage.
Abdellaoui K, Ben Halima-Kamel M, Acheuk F, Soltani N, Aribi N, Ben Hamouda MH. 2013. Biochemical and histological effects of gibberellic acid on Locusta migratoria. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 107, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.04.009
Abdellaoui K, Ben Halima-Kamel M, Acheuk F, Soltani N, Aribi N, Ben Hamouda MH. 2015. Effects of gibberellic acid on ovarian biochemical composition and ecdysteroid amounts in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae). International Journal of Pest Management 61, 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2014.995746
Abo Elsoud AA, Ghoneim K, Hamadah Kh, El-Hela A. 2021a. Toxicity and bio-Efficacy of indole-3-acetic acid, a plant growth regulator, against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences (A. Entomology) 14(2), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSA.2021.18545
Abo Elsoud AA, Ghoneim K, Hamadah Kh, El-Hela A. 2021b. Suppressive impact of 6-Benzyladenine, a plant growth regulator, on the adult performance and reproductive potential of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences (F. Toxicology & Pest Control) 13(2), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSF.2021.186039
Ahadji-Dabla KM, Brunet JL, Ketoh GK, Apétogbo GY, Glitho IA, Belzunces LP. 2015. Larvicidal activity of a natural botanical Biostop Moustiques® and physiological changes induced in susceptible and resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). The Open Entomology Journal 9, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901509010012
Al-Dali AG. 2007. Influenced activities of the intestine acid and alkaline phosphatases by some neem limonoids in the grasshopper Euprepocnemis plorans (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Egyptian Academic Society of Environmental Development 8(3), 57-65.
Ali K, Sagheer M, ul Hasan MA, Rashid SM, Mason LJ. 2015. Quantification of esterases and phosphatases in adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) exposed to various plant extracts. Entomological Society of America, Manhattan, Kansas, 70th Annual Meeting, Monday.
Altuntaş H. 2015 Determination of gibberellic acid (GA3)-induced oxidative stress in a model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology (Physiology) 44(1), 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvu020.
Altuntaş H, Şanal Demircl SN, Duman E, Eegin E. 2016. Toxicological and physiological effects of ethephon on the model organism, Galleria mellonella L. 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology 40(4), 413-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/ted.00995
Altuntaş H, Gwokyalya R, Bayram N. 2021 Immunotoxic effects of force-fed ethephon on model organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Drug and Chemical Toxicology 45(4), 1761-1768. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2021.18733.58.
Arif S, ul Hassan Naqvi SN, Abid Raza FN, Zahid M. 2015. Effect of pesticides after 24 hours of treatment on transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase and Cholinesterase in Callosobruchus analis by filter paper impregnation method. International Journal of Fauna and Biology Studies 2(2), 05-08.
Awasthi P, Sharma P. 2013. Designing and binding mode prediction of juvenile hormone analogues as potential inhibitor for Galleria mellonella. Journal of Computer Science and Systems Biology 6(3), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.4172/jcsb.1000107
Ayyangar GSG, Rao PJ. 1990. Changes in heamolymph constituents of S. litura (Fabr.) under the influence of azadirachtin. Indian Journal of Entomology 52(1), 69-83.
Basiouny AL, Hamadah KhSh, Tanani MA. 2010. Efficacy of the wild plant Fagonia bruguieri (Zygophyllaceae) on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Science 2(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSC.2010. 16255
Bassal TT, Ismail IE. 1985. Acid and alkaline phosphatases of normal and juvenilized Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) during metamorphosis. Proceedings of Zoological Society of Arab Repablic of Egypt 9, 256-259.
Becerikli Aksan G, Uckan F, ER A. 2022. Influence of dietary indole-3-acetic acid on phenoloxidase and hemolytic activities in Pimpla turionellae L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Galleria mellonella L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a host-parasitoid system. Turkish Journal of Entology 46 (2), 149-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted. 1039327
Bhatnagar A, Bareth SS. 2004. Development of low cost, high quality diet for greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus). Indian Journal of Entomology 66(3), 251-255.
Biddinger DJ, Hull LA, Mcpheron BA. 1996. Cross-resistance and synergism in Azinphosmethyl resistant and susceptible strains of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to various insect growth regulators and avarmectin. Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 274-287. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.2.274
Çelik D, Özbek R, Uçkan F. 2017. Effects of indole-3-acetic acid on hemocytes of Achoria grisella Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Entomological Research Society 19(2), 83-93. https://www.entomol.org/journal/index.php/JERS/article/view/1125
Chandel YS, Sharma S, Verma KS. 2003. Comparative biology of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. and lesser wax moth, Achoria grisella. Pest Management and Economic Zoology 11, 69-74.
Cheung WWK, Low KW. 1975. Ultrastructural and functional differentiation of the midgut of the sugar cane beetle Protaetia acuminata (F.) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 4, 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(75)90023-9
Czeher C, Labbo R, Arzika I, Duchemin JB. 2008. Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation. Malaria Journal 7(1), 189. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-189
Datta R, Kaur A, Saraf I, Pal Singh I, Kaur S. 2021. Enzymatic suppression activity of Alpinia galanga extract against polyphagous lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 54(19-20), 1807-1821. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03235408.2021.19438.05
de Almeida GD, Zanuncio JC, Senthil-Nathan S, Pratissoli D, Polanczyk RA, Azevedo DO. 2014. Cytotoxicity in the midgut and fat body of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) larvae exerted by neem seeds extract. Invertebrate Survival Journal 11, 79-86.
Di N, Zhang X-Z, Zhang K, Zhang SZ, Liu TX. 2014. Influences of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) spraying on Solanum lycopersicum plants and the infesting Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) whiteflies. Acta Entomologica Sinica 57(7), 824-830.
Diamantino TC. Amadeu E, Soaresa MVM, Guilherminoc, Diamantino TC. 2001. Lactate dehydrogenase activity as an effect criterion in toxicity tests with Daphnia magna Straus. Chemosphere 45, 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00029-7.
Edwin E, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Thanigaivel A, Ponsankar A, Selin-Rani S, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. 2016. Effect of andrographolide on phosphatases activity and cytotoxicity against Spodoptera litura. Invertebrate Survival Journal 13, 153-163.
Ellis JD, Graham JR, Mortensen A. 2013. Standard methods for wax moth research. Journal of Apiculture Research 52, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.10
Elzen GW, Hardee DD. 2003. United state department of agricultural-agricultural research on managing insect resistance to insecticides. Pest Management Science 59, 770–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.659.
Erbaş ED, Gwokyalya R, Altuntaş H, Kutrup B. 2022. Screening the immunotoxicity of different food preservative agents on the model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 27, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2022.2091589.
Etebari K, Mirhodeini SZ, Matindoost L. 2005. A study on intraspecific biodiversity of eight groups of silkworm (Bombyx mori) by biochemical markers. Insect Science 12, 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2005.00010.x
Fitches E, Gatehouse JA. 1998. A comparison of the short and long term effects of insecticidal lectins on the activities of soluble and brush border enzymes of tomato moth larvae (Lacanobia oleracea). Journal of Insect Physiology 44(12), 1213-1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1910(98)00090-0.
Gaaboub I, Halawa S, Rabiha A. 2012. Toxicity and biological effects of some insecticides, IGRs and Jojoba oil on cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Journal of Applied Science Research 2, 131-139.
Ghoneim KS, Abdel-Ghaffar AA, Tanani MA. 2008. Changes of acid phosphatase activity by the plant extracts, Margosan-O and Jojoba during the pupal stage of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Egyptian Academic Society of Environmental Development 9(1), 47-53.
Ghoneim K, Amer M, Al-Daly A, Mohammad A, Khadrawy F, Mahmoud MA. 2014. Disturbed acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) by extracts from the khella plant Ammi visnaga L. (Apiaceae). International Journal of Advanced Research 2(5), 584-596.
Ghoneim K, Hamadah Kh, El-Hela A. 2016. Impairing efficacy of Nigella sativa Linn. (Ranunculaceae) seed extracts on phosphatase activity in haemolymph and fat Bodies of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Acrididae: Orthoptera). International Journal of Biology Research 1(2), 01-10.
Ghoneim K, Hamadah Kh, Tanani M, Abdel-Khaliq A, Emam D. 2019. Toxicity and disruptive impacts of the honeybee Apitoxin on growth and development of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences (F. Toxicology & Pest Control) 11(2), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSF.2019.45537
Giron D, Glevarec G. 2014. Cytokinin-induced phenotypes in plant-insect interactions: Learning from the bacterial world. Journal of Chemical Ecology 40, 826–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-014-0466-5
GraphPad InStat© v. 3.01 1998. GraphPad Software, Inc. 7825 Fay Avenue, Suite 230 La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Available online at: http://www.graphpad.com/scientificsoftware/instat/
Hallmann CA, Foppen RP, van Turnhout CA, de Kroon H, Jongejans E. 2014. Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations. Nature 511(7509), 34. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13531
Hamadah KhSh. 2009. Some developmental, haematological and enzymatic effects of certain plant extracts on the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Ph.D. Thesis, Al-Azhar, University, Cairo, Egypt.
Hanumanthaswamy BC, Rajagopal D, Basavaraju BS. 2013. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on development of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Current Biotica 7(3), 202-208.
Hasheminia SM, Sendim JJ, Jahromi Kh T, Moharramipour S. 2013. Effect of milk thistle, Silybium marianum, extract on toxicity, development, nutrition, and enzyme activities of the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae. Journal of Insect Science 13, 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.013.14601
Hassan HA. 2002. Biological and biochemical studies on the the effect of some botanical extracts on cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, 173 p.
Henry M, Beguin M, Requier F, Rollin O, Odoux JF, Aupinel P. 2012. A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science 336(6079), 348-350. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215039
Hollander VP. 1971. Acid phosphatase. In: “The enzymes” (Boyer, P., ed.), 3rded., (4), Academic Press. New York.
Hopkins WG, Hüner NP. 2004. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 3rd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 560 p.
Hussein KT. 2005 Supressive effects of Calendula micrantha essential oil and gibberelic acid (PGR) on reproductive potential of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Egyptian Society of Parasitology 35, 365-377.
Ibrahim SA, Abd El-Kareem SMI. 2018. Enzymatic changes and toxic effect of some aromatic plant oils on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences (F. Toxicology & Pest control) 10(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.21608/EAJBSF.2018. 17016
Ilyas A, Khan HAA, Qadir A. 2017. Effect of leaf extracts of some indigenous plants on settling and oviposition responses of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 49, 1547-1553.
Jan S, Singh R, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P, Kapoor D. 2020. Plant growth regulators: a sustainable approach to combat pesticide toxicity. 3 Biotechnology 10(11), https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02454-4
Janda V, Benesova J. 1991. Changes in the activity of phosphomonoesterases in relation to growth and metamorphosis of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Acta Entomologia Biochmoslovaca 88, 19-24.
Kaur R, Rup PJ. 2002. Evaluation of regulatory influence of four plant growth regulators on the reproductive potential and longevity of melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae). Phytoparasitica 30(3), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03039991
Kaur R, Rup PJ. 2003. Influence of some plant growth regulators (PGRs) on biochemical profile in the larvae of melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Trypetidae). Entomon 28(2), 89-95. https://doi.org/10. 1017/S1742758400020336
Klein B, Read PA, Babson LA. 1960. Rapid method for quantitative determination of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry 6, 269-275.
Koodalingam A, Deepalakshmi R, Ammu M, Rajalakshmi A. 2014. Effects of NeemAzal on marker enzymes and hemocyte phagocytic activity of larvae and pupae of the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17(2), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013. 12.007
Kwadha CA, Ongamo GO, Ndegwa PN, Raina SK, Fombong AT. 2017. The biology and control of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Insects 8(2), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390 insects8020061
Li XZ, Liu YH. 2007. Diet influences the detoxification enzyme activity of Bactrocera tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 50(10), 989-995. http://www.insect.org.cn/EN/Y2007/V50/I10/989
Ljung K, Bhalerao RP, Sandberg G. 2001. Sites and homeostatic control of auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis during vegetative growth. Plant Journal 28, 465-474. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01173.x.
Metwally HMS, Hafez GA, Hussein MA, Salem HA, Saleh MME. 2012. Low cost artificial diet for rearing the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a host for entomopathogenic nematodes. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 22(1), 15-28. URL:http://www.esbcp.org/index.asp
Moroney MJ. 1956. Facts from figures (3rd ed.). Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth. Middle Sex.
Mukanganyama S, Figueroa CC, Hasler JA. Niemeyer HM. 2003. Effects of DIMBOA on detoxification enzymes of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: aphididae). Journal of Insect Physiology 49, 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00269-x.
Nagaratna W, Kalleshwaraswamy CM, Dhananjaya BC, Sharanabasappa, Prakash NB. 2022. Effect of Silicon and Plant Growth Regulators on the Biology and Fitness of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a Recently Invaded Pest of Maize in India. Silicon 14, 783-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00901-8
Nitin K, Kumar KD, Kumar MV, Sanjay P. 2012. Effect of economical modification in artificial diet of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Indian Journal of Entomology 74(4), 369-374.
Omar GA. 2010. Biological, biochemical and histological studies on the effect of some botanical oils on the Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Egypt, 203 p.
Ottaviani E. 2014. The importance of studying invertebrate immune-neuroendocrine functions. Invertebrate Survival Journal 11, 1-3.
Özyılmaz D, Özbek R, Altuntaş H, Uçkan F. 2019. Indole-3-Acetic Acid induced oxidative stress in model host Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (L.)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Invertebrate Survival Journal 16, 184-188.
Panini M, Manicardi GC, Moores GD, Mazzoni E. 2016. An overview of the main pathways of metabolic resistance in insects. Invertebrate Survival Journal 13, 326-335.
Paulson GS, Hull LA, Biddinger DJ. 2005. Effect of a plant growth regulator prohexadione-calcium on insect pests of apple and pear. Journal of Economic Entomology 98, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/98.2.423.
Pereira SG, Sanaveerappanavar VT, Murthy MS. 2006. Geographical variation in the susceptibility of the diamond back moth Ptlutella xylostella L. to Bacillus thuringiensis products and acylurea compounds. Pest Management 15, 26-26. https://doi.org/10.1079/ber2002195.
Piatek M, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K. 2021. Galleria mellonella: the versatile host for drug discovery, in vivo toxicity testing and characterising host-pathogen interactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 10(12), 1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121545.
Prado SG, Frank SD. 2013.Tritrophic effects of plant growth regulators in an aphid-parasitoid system. Biological Control 66, 72-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.03.019
Rajendran S, Hajira Parveen KM. 2005. Insect infestation in stored animal products. Journal of Stored Product Research 41, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016 j.jspr.2003.12.002
Rauschenbach IY, Bogomolova EV, Gruntenko NE, Adonyeva NV, Chentsova NA. 2007. Effects of juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone on alkaline phosphatase activity in Drosophila under normal and heat stress conditions. Journal of Insect Physiology 53(6), 587–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007. 02.011
Rehman JU, Jilani G, Khan MA, Kanvil S. 2009. Repellent and oviposition deterrent effects of indigenous plant extracts on peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata Saundera (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 49, 101-108.
Rup PJ, Sohal SK, Kaur P, Kaur R, Wadhwa SK, Dhillon MK, Kumari J, Sohi R, Dhingra P. 1998. Influence of plant growth regulators on the population buildup of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), Journal of Aphidology 12, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v8i3.31558
Rup PJ, Sohal SK, Kaur G, Sharma R. 2002. The possible role of five enzymes in the metabolism of kinetin in mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach). Journal of Aphidology 16, 1-8.
Rup PJ, Sohal SK, Kaur H. 2006. Studies on the role of six enzymes in the metabolism of kinetin in mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Journal of Environmental Biology 27(3), 579-584.
Salisbury FB, Ross CW. 1992. Plant Physiology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 357-407, 531-548 p.
Senthil-Nathan S. 2013. Physiological and biochemical effect of neem and other Meliaceae plants secondary metabolites against Lepidopteran insects. Frontiers in Physiology 4, article 359, 17 p. www.frontiersin.org
Senthil-Nathan S, Chung PG, Murugan K. 2004. Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Phytoparasitica 32, 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980437
Senthil-Nathan S, Chung PG, Murugan K. 2005. Effect of biopesticides applied separately or together on nutritional indices of rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. Phytoparasitica 33, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03029978
Sharifi M, Kosari AA, Zibaee A, Sendi JJ. 2013. Effects of Pyriproxyfen on detoxifying and intermediary enzymes of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Plant Pests Research 3, 35-44.
Sharma SP, Kaur J, Rattan SIS. 1997. Increased longevity of kine-tin-fed Zaprionus fruitflies is accompanied by their reduced fecundity and enhanced catalase activity. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 41(5), 869-875. https://doi.org/10.1080/15216549700201911.
Smirle MJ, Lowery DT, Zurowski CL. 1996. Influence of Neem oil on detoxication enzyme activity in the oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 56, 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1996.0075
Spangler HG. 1989. The role of ultrasound and pheromone communication of greater and lesser wax moths. Bee World 70(3), 132-133.
Srinivas R, Udikeri SS, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K. 2004. Identification of factors responsible for insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, (Part C Toxicology and Pharmacology) 137(3), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca. 2004.02.002
Stamm P, Ramamoorthy R, Kumar PP. 2011. Feeding the extra billions: strategies to improve crops and enhance future food security. Plant Biotechnology Reports 5, 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-011-0169-0
Tietz NW. 1986. Text Book of Clinical Chemistry. W.B. Saunders Co., London, Philadelphia.
Tsagkarakis AE, Rogers ME, Spann TM. 2012. Applications of plant growth regulators to container-grown citrus trees affect the biology and behavior of the Asian citrus psyllid. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS. 137.1.3
Tsumuki H, Kanehisa K. 1984. Phosphatases in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppersdlis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Some properties and changes of the activities during hibernation. Cytobiology 21, 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(84)90209-8
Uçkan F, Haftacı İ, Ergin E. 2011. Effects of indol-3-acetic acid on biological parameters of the larval endoparasitoid Apantales galleriae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 104, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10098
Uçkan F, Soydabaş HK, Özbek R. 2014. Effect of Indol-3-acetic acid on the biochemical parameters of Achoria grisella hemolymph and Apanteles galleriae larva. Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology 11(2), 163-171.
Uçkan F, Özbek R, Ergin E. 2015. Effects of indole-3-acetic acid on the biology of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 145(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2015.57
Umadevi M, Sujatha K. 2013. Evaluation of insecticidal activity and phytochemical analysis of five different plant crude extracts against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 4(2), 497-503.
Upadhyay RK. 2013. Capparis deciduas induced toxicity, biochemical and enzymatic alterations in Rhizopertha dominica (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). World Journal of Zoology 8(3), 256-266.
Visetson S, Milne M. 2001. Effect of root extract from derris (Derris elliptica Benth) on mortality and detoxification enzyme level in diamond back moth larvae (Plutella xylostella Linn). Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science 35, 157-163.
Waheeb H. 2020. Physiological and haematological responses of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to some Sesquiterpenes. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, 380 p.
Weirich GF, Collins AM, Williams VP. 2002. Antioxidant enzymes in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Apidologie 33, 3-14. https://doi.org/10. 1051/apido:2001001
Yadouleton AW, Padonou G, Asidi A, Moiroux N, Bio-Banganna S, Corbel V, N’guessan R, Gbenou D, Yacoubou I, Gazard K, Akogbeto MC. 2010. Insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae in southern Benin. Malaria Journal 9(1), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-83
Zhang Z, Yang T, Zhang Y, Wang L, Xie Y. 2016. Fumigant toxicity of monoterpenes against fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Industrial Crop Products 81, 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. indcrop.2015.11.076
Zhao Y. 2010. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annual Review of Plant Biology 61, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112308
Zibaee A, Zibaee I, Sendi JJ. 2011. A juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, affects some biochemical components in the hemolymph and fat bodies of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 100(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp. 2011.05.002
Karem Ghoneim, Khalid Hamadah, Atif El-Hela, Ahmad Abdel-Hakim Abo Elsoud (2022), Disturbed activities of the detoxifying enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatases, of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by four plant growth regulators; IJB, V21, N4, October, P44-60
https://innspub.net/disturbed-activities-of-the-detoxifying-enzymes-acid-and-alkaline-phosphatases-of-galleria-mellonella-l-lepidoptera-pyralidae-by-four-plant-growth-regulators/
Copyright © 2022
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0