home icon user icon
Welcome to International Network for Natural Sciences | INNS Pub.
Home My Account
Submit Manuscript
double_slash
breadcumb_bg

Extra-cellular productions of amylases and proteases in rotten potato based cultures of Bacillus subtilis

Paper Details

Research Paper 01/03/2018
Views (415) Download (31)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Extra-cellular productions of amylases and proteases in rotten potato based cultures of Bacillus subtilis

Ikram-ul Haq, Asra Maher, Nazia Parveen Gill1, Ghulam Asghar Maka², Urooj Fatima, Kazim Ali, Ghulam Qadir
Int. J. Biosci.12( 3), 285-293, March 2018.
Certificate: IJB 2018 [Generate Certificate]
Key: Bacillus subtilisFermentationFood industry wastesProteasesRotten potatoesα-amylase

Abstract

The gram-positive bacteria like as Bacillus sp., are non-pathogenic and useful workhorse in industrial fermentations. In present study, extracts of rotten potato peels and peeled off potato starch used as fermentation substrate in combination with TY-medium (v/v) for B. subtilis 168 culture. Cultures harvested after 42 hrs and 62 hrs of incubation at 37°C with 250 rpm shaking incubator. Maximum cells observed in control LB₀ (TY-medium) and LB₂ (¼ TY+¼ potato peels or skin) cultures at 42 hrs, while in 2nd harvest it increased significantly in LB₂ and LB₃ (¼ TY+¼ peeled off potato starch), while minimum in LB₄ (¾ dH₂O+¼peels or skin) and LB₅ (¾ dH₂O+¼peeled off potato starch mixed). Highest reducing sugars measured in supernatant of LB₄ and then in LB₂ cultures (62 hrs), while minimum in LB₁ culture (42 hrs) significantly. Extracellular proteins noted higher in 2nd harvest of LB₂ and LB₄ (at 62 hrs) significantly, while minimum in LB₁ (at 42 hrs, p≤0.05). The ????-amylase activities observed higher in all cultures at 1st harvest (at 42 hrs) except LB₁ (¼ TY-medium), while it decreased in LB₀, LB₁, LB₃ and LB₅ and increased in LB₂ and LB₄ cultures (62 hrs) timely. The protease activities remained almost same at 42 hrs (p≤0.05), while increased in LB₃ and LB₄ cultures (62 hrs). Both substrates have performed differentially, while potato peels has performed best. It is being cheapest agro-industrial waste and useful substrate could be recommended for production of extracellular heterologous proteins for industrial usages.

VIEWS 45
Cover PDF

Aachary AA, Prapulla SG. 2011. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) as an emerging prebiotic: microbial synthesis, utilization, structural characterization, bioactive properties, and applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 10(1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00135.x.

Alibardi L, Cossu R. 2016. Effects of carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of organic waste on hydrogen production and fermentation products. Waste Management 47, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wasman. 2015.07.049.

Alina SO, Constantinscu F, Petruţa CC. 2015. Biodiversity of Bacillus subtilis group and beneficial traits of Bacillus species useful in plant protection. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 20(5), 10737-10750.

Anwar Z, Gulfraz M, Irshad M. 2014. Agro-industrial lignocellulosic biomass a key to unlock the future bio-energy: A brief review. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 7(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.02.003.

Arapoglou D, Vlyssides A, Varzakas T, Haidemenaki K, Malli V, Marchant R, Israilides C. 2009. Alternative ways for potato industries waste utilisation. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology pp. 3-5.

Arnold FH. 1998. Design by directed evolution. Accounts of Chemical Research 31(3), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar960017f.

Badoei-Dalfard A, Karami Z. 2013. Screening and isolation of an organic solvent tolerant-protease from Bacillus sp. JER02: Activity optimization by response surface methodology. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 89, 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. molcatb.2012.11.016.

Becker J, Lange A, Fabarius J, Wittmann C. 2015. Top value platform chemicals: Bio-based production of organic acids. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 36,168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. copbio.2015.08.022.

Benjamin S, Smitha RB, Jisha VN, Pradeep S, Sajith S, Sreedevi S, Priji P, Unni KN, Josh MKS. 2013. A monograph on amylases from Bacillus spp . Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 4, 227-241. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2013.42032.

Contesini FJ, Melo RR, Sato HH. 2017. An overview of Bacillus proteases: from production to application. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 38(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2017.13543.

Cook LKN. 1996. Optimizing culturing conditions for Bacillus subtilis. South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook 19, 54–58.

Cutting SM. 2011. Bacillus probiotics. Food Microbiology 28(2), 214-220. https://doi.org/10. 1016 / j. fm.2010.03.007.

Dalby PA. 2003. Optimising enzyme function by directed evolution. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 13(4), 500-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0959-440X(03)00101-5.

Doukyu N, Ogino H. 2010. Organic solvent-tolerant enzymes. Biochemical Engineering Journal 48, 270-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.09.

Duc LH, Hong HA, Barbosa TM, Henriques AO, Cutting SM. 2004. Characterization of Bacillus probiotics available for human use. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(4), 2161-2171. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.4.2161-2171.2004.

Durham DR, Stewart DB, Stellwag EJ. 1987. Novel alkaline and heat-stable serine proteases from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain GX6638. Journal of Bacteriology 169(6), 2762-2768. https://doi.org/10. 1128/ jb.169.6.2762-2768.1987.

Eppinger M, Bunk B, Johns MA, Edirisinghe JN, Kutumbaka KK, Riley DR, Huot-Creasy H, Koenig SSK, Galens K, Orvis J, Creasy T, Biedendieck R, Braun C, Grayburn S, Jahn D, Vary PS. 2011. Genome sequences of the biotechnologically important Bacillus megaterium strains QM B1551 and DSM319. Journal of Bacteriology 193(16), 4199-4213. https://doi.org/ 10.1128/JB.00449-11.

Genckal H, Tari C. 2006. Alkaline protease production from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. isolated from natural habitats. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 39(4), 703-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.enzmictec.2005.12.004.

Goyal N, Gupta JK, Soni SK. 2005. A novel raw starch digesting thermostable α-amylase from Bacillus sp. I-3 and its use in the direct hydrolysis of raw potato starch. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 37(7), 723-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.

Grassin C, Coutel Y. 2009. Enzymes in fruit and vegetable processing and juice extraction. In Enzymes in Food Technology (2nd Edition) pp. 236-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444309935.ch11.

Griffiths AD, Tawfik DS. 2000. Man-made enzymes from design to in vitro compartmentalisation. Current Opinions in Biotechnology 11(4), 338-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00109-9.

Grommers HE, van der Krogt DA. 2009. Potato starch, production, modifications and uses. In Starch pp. 511-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-746275 -2.0.

Gupta R, Gigras P, Mohapatra H, Goswami VK, Chauhan B. 2003. Microbial α-amylases: A biotechnological perspective. Process Biochemistry 38(11), 1599-1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032.

Hmidet N, Ali NEH, Zouari-Fakhfakh N, Haddar A, Nasri M, Sellemi-Kamoun A. 2010. Chicken feathers: A complex substrate for the co-production of α-amylase and proteases by B. licheniformis NH1. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 37(9), 983-990.

Hong HA, Khaneja R, Tam NMK, Cazzato A, Tan S, Urdaci M, Brisson A, Gasbarrini A, Barnes I, Cutting SM. 2009. Bacillus subtilis isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. Research in Microbiology 160(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2008.11.002.

Ikeda Y, Iki M, Morita A, Kajita E, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, Yoneshima H. 2006. Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. The Journal of Nutrition 136(5), 1323-1328. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614424.

Jamrath T, Lindner C, Popović MK, Bajpai R. 2012. Production of amylases and proteases by Bacillus caldolyticus from food industry wastes. Food Technology and Biotechnology 50(3), 355-361.

Khawla BJ, Sameh M, Imen G, Donyes F, Dhouha G, Raoudha EG, Oumèma NE. 2014. Potato peel as feedstock for bioethanol production: A comparison of acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. Industrial Crops and Products 52, 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.025.

Lee K, Lillehoj HS, Siragusa GR. 2010. Direct-fed microbials and their impact on the intestinal microflora and immune system of chickens. The Journal of Poultry Science 47(2), 106-114. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.009096.

Li S, He B, Bai Z, Ouyang P. 2009. A novel organic solvent-stable alkaline protease from organic solvent-tolerant Bacillus licheniformis YP1A. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 56(2-3), 85-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.08.001.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 193(1), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)87.

Margot P, Karamata D. 1988. Bacillus subtilis 168. Microbiology 142, 3437–3444.

Marrs B, Delagrave S, Murphy D. 1999. Novel approaches for discovering industrial enzymes. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2, 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(99)80042-3.

Miller GL. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry 31(3), 426-428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ ac60147a030.

Oda Y, Saito K, Yamauchi H, Mori M. 2002. Lactic acid fermentation of potato pulp by the fungus Rhizopus oryzae. Current Microbiology 45(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-001-0048-y.

Otten LG, Quax WJ. 2005. Directed evolution: Selecting today’s biocatalysts. Biomolecular Engineering 22, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioeng.2005.02.002.

Pandey A, Nigam P, Soccol CR, Soccol VT, Singh D, Mohan R. 2000. Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 31(2), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1042/BA19990073.

Renge VC, Khedkar SV, Nandurkar NR. 2012. Enzyme synthesis by fermentation method : A Review. Scientific Reviews and Chemical Communications 2(4), 585-590. Retrieved from www.sadgurupublications.com.

Rosenberg A, Sinai L, Smith Y, Ben-Yehuda S. 2012. Dynamic expression of the translational machinery during Bacillus subtilis life cycle at a single cell level. PLoS one 7(7), e41921. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0041921.

Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. 1989. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. In Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press pp. 931-957. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600781R.

Sauer M, Porro D, Mattanovich D, Branduardi P. 2008. Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets. Trends in Biotechnology 26(2), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006.

Schäfer A, Konrad R, Kuhnigk T, Kämpfer P, Hertel H, König H. 1996. Hemicellulose-degrading bacteria and yeasts from the termite gut. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology 80(5), 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03245.x.

Schallmey M, Singh A, Ward OP. 2004. Developments in the use of Bacillus species for industrial production. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1139/w03-076.

Schievano A, D’Imporzano G, Adani F. 2009. Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production. Journal of Environmental Management 90(8), 2537-2541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.013.

Schoemaker HE, Mink DL, Wubbolts MG. 2003. Dispelling the myths – Biocatalysis in industrial synthesis. Science 299(5613), 1694-1697. https://doi.org/ 10.1126/ science.1079237.

Simpson BK, Rui X, Klomklao S. 2012. Enzymes in food processing. In Food Biochemistry and Food Processing (2nd Edition) pp. 181-206. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9781118308035.ch9.

Strauss MLA, Jolly NP, Lambrechts MG, van Rensburg P. 2001. Screening for the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes by non- Saccharomyces wine yeasts. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91, 182-190. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01379.x.

Takimura Y, Saito K, Okuda M, Kageyama Y, Saeki K, Ozaki K, Ito S, Kobayashi T. 2007. Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSM-LD1 contains a record number of subtilisin-like serine proteases genes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76(2), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253. 

Tam NKM, Uyen NQ, Hong HA, Duc LH, Hoa TT, Serra CR, Henriques AO, Cutting SM. 2006. The intestinal life cycle of Bacillus subtilis and close relatives. Journal of Bacteriology 188(7), 2692-2700. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.7.2692-2700.2006.

Taniguchi H, Honnda Y. 2009. Amylases. In Encyclopedia of Microbiology pp. 159-173). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00130-9

Wang J, Fung DYC. 1996. Alkaline-fermented foods: A review with emphasis on pidan fermentation. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 22(2), 101-138. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408419609106457.

Windish WW, Mhatre NS. 1965. Microbial amylases. Advances in Applied Microbiology 7, 273-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70389-7.

Wu ZG, Xu HY, Ma Q, Cao Y, Ma JN, Ma CM. 2012. Isolation, identification and quantification of unsaturated fatty acids, amides, phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids from potato peel. Food Chemistry 135(4), 2425-2429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodchem. 2012.07.019.

Yang S, Kang Z, Cao W, Du G, Chen J. 2016. Construction of a novel, stable, food-grade expression system by engineering the endogenous toxin-antitoxin system in Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Biotechnology 219, 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12

Submit Manuscript