GIS-based water quality index of marine water along residential, commercial and recreational areas in Opol, Misamis oriental, Philippines
Paper Details
GIS-based water quality index of marine water along residential, commercial and recreational areas in Opol, Misamis oriental, Philippines
Abstract
This study dealt with the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) vis a vis water quality index of marine water ecosystem in Opol, Misamis Oriental. Specifically this study aimed on (a) establishing GIS maps on wide range distribution of physicochemical parameters of water (b) determining the physicochemical parameters of water along residential, commercial and recreational areas and (c) comparing the values of physicochemical to the standards set by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Philippines. There were three (3) sampling stations categorized as residential, commercial and recreational areas and sampling was conducted within three (3) months during Amihan (northeast monsoon) in the Philippines. Research design used was a combination of descriptive, qualitative and evaluative design. Results showed Relative Humidity (RH), air temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), water temperature, density, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, and Total Suspended solids (TDS) were prevalent in recreational area, while DO and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in commercial area, and only pH and BODin residential area. Statistical analysis showedsix (6) andeight (8) of the parameters in between subjects and within-subjectsshowed significant difference, respectively. However, one-sample t-test showed that the three sites are equal and not statistically significant. Hence, GIS is an effective tool to assess area for possible distribution of species and vulnerability to polluted waters.
Ahuja S. (Ed.). 2014. Water Reclamation and Sustainability Elsevier.
Barange M, Perry RI. 2009. Physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture,
Bodungen BV, Turner K. 2001. Sciene and integrated coastal management. Dahlem Workshop Report. Dahlem University Press, Berlin.
Boyd, Claude E. 1990. Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture.Birmingham, Ala.: Auburn University Press.
Winter JC. 2013. Using the Student’s t-test with extremely small sample sizes. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 18(10), 1-12.
Engler R, Guisan A, Rechsteiner L. 2004. An improved approach for predicting the distribution of rare and endangered species from occurrence and pseudo‐absence data. Journal of applied ecology 41(2), 263-274.
Kirk JT. 1994. Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Cambridge university press.
Everitt BS. 2014. Repeated measures analysis of variance. Wiley Stats Ref: Statistics Reference Online.
Fabry VJ, Seibel BA, Feely RA, Orr JC. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes.ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 65(3), 414-432.
Francis D, Hengeveld H, 1998. Extreme Weather and Climate Change.Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa.
Kramer DL. 1987. Dissolved oxygen and fish behavior.Environmental biology of fishes 18(2), 81-92.
LeBlanc RT, Brown RD, Fitz and Gibbon JE. 1997. Modeling the effects of land use change on the water temperature in unregulated urban streams.Journal of Environmental Management 49, 445-469.
Nageshwara RI, RathnakumariR. 2002. Biochemical compositon of zooplankton from visakapatnumharbour waters east coast of India. Ind. J. Mar. Sci 31, 125-129.
NRC (National Research Council). 2000. Clean coastal waters. Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. National Academy Press, Washington DC USA.
Patil PN, Sawant DV, Deshmukh RN. 2012. Physicochemical parameters for testing of water-A review.International Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(3), 1194.
Penn MR, Pauer JJ, Mihelcic JR. 2006. Biochemical oxygen demand. Environmental and ecological chemistry 2.
Peterson AT, Egbert SL, Sánchez-Cordero V, Price KP. 2000. Geographic analysis of conservation priority: endemic birds and mammals in Veracruz, Mexico. Biological conservation 93(1), 85-94.
Peterson AT, Stockwell DRB, Kluza DA. 2002. Distributional prediction based on ecological niche modeling of primary occurrence data. Predicting species occurrences: issues of scale and accuracy 617-623.
Salomon M, Dross M. 2013. Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe. Marine Policy 42, 142-149.
Shirodkar PV, Mesquita A, Pradhan UK, Verlekar XN, Babu MT, Vethamony P. 2009. Factors controlling physicochemical characteristics in the coastal waters off Mangalore-a multivariate approach. Environmental research 109(3), 245-257.
Siegel S. 1957. Nonparametric statistics. The American Statistician 11(3), 13-19.
Tong ST, Chen W. 2002. Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality.Journal of environmental management 66(4), 377-393.
Turner K, Georgiou, S, Gren IM, Wulff F, Barett S, Söderqvist T, Bateman IJ, Folke C, Langaas S, Zylicz T, Mäler KG, Markowska M. 1999. Managing nutrient fluxes and pollution in the Baltic: an interdisciplinary simulation study. Ecological Economics 30, 333-352.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. 1986. Quality Criteria for Water (Gold Book). EPA 440/5-86-001. Washington D.C.
Vogel JL, Beauchamp DA. 1999. Effects of light, prey size, and turbidity on reaction distances of lake trout (Salvelinusnamaycush) to salmonid prey. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56(7), 1293-1297.
Weber-Scannell PK, Duffy LK. 2007. Effects of total dissolved solids on aquatic organism: a review of literature and recommendation for salmonid species. In American Journal of Environmental Sciences.
Yee TW, Mitchell ND. 1991. Generalized additive models in plant ecology.Journal of vegetation science 587-602.
Mae Oljae P. Canencia, Cordulo P. Ascaño II, 2016. GIS-based water quality index of marine water along residential, commercial and recreational areas in Opol, Misamis oriental, Philippines. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci., 9(5), 117-128.
Copyright © 2016 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.