Prevalence of green mold disease of citrus in Punjab, Pakistan
Paper Details
Prevalence of green mold disease of citrus in Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
Kinnow mandarin is the most important fruit crop grown in sub-tropical areas of Punjab. Several postharvest pathogens attack citrus fruit, among which Penicillium digitatum causing green mold of citrus is the most devastating pathogen. Disease symptoms appear initially as watery, soft and discoloured spots on the fruit surface and later on, white mycelium appears which is converted into an olive-green mass of spores. During the survey in the year 2016, maximum disease incidence (34%) was observed in Shaheenabad followed by Bhalwal (32%) and Kotmomin (30%) in district Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Minimum disease incidence (14%) was observed in Chak Shahana. In 2017, maximum disease incidence was observed in Shaheenabad (36 %) and a minimum disease incidence of 16% was observed in Chak Shahana. Disease incidence of green mold was higher at all locations as compared to other rots.
Barkai-Golan R. 2001. Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables: Development and Control. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands, p 418.
Chand P. 2013. Studies on etiology and management of green mould rot of citrus, M. Sc (Ag.) Thesis. Department of Plant Pathology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, India, 67.
Diankov S, Karsheva M, Hinkov I. 2011. Extraction of natural antioxidants from lemon peels: Kinetics and antioxidant capacity. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 46(3), 315-319.
Ismail M, Zhang J. 2004. Postharvest citrus diseases and their control. Outlooks on Pest Management 15, 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/15feb12
Izquierdo L, Sendra JM. 2003. Citrus Fruit composition and characterization. In: Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition, B Caballero, et al. (Eds.), Oxford Academic Press, England, UK p 6000.
Kaur P, Verma KS. 2002. Prevalence of postharvest rots of Kinnow in Punjab. Plant Disease Research 17(2), 329-331.
Kelebek H, Canbas C, Selli S. 2008. Determination of phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of blood orange juices obtained from cvs. Moro and Sanguinello (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grown in Turkey. Food Chemistry 107(4), 1710-1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.004
Khan AA, Iqbal Z, Atiq M. 2020. Evaluation of Organic Acids to Determine Antifungal Potential against Green Mold of Citrus (Kinnow Mandrin) Caused by Fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pers. Fr.) Sacc. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 33(1), 47-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.1.47.55
Khan A, Iram S, Rasool A. 2015. Pathogens identification and charactrization that compromised citrus fruit quality in selected orchards of Sargodha. International Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology Reseach 3(4), 54-59.
Kishor S, Harender R. 2018. Pathological survey of green mould rot of Kinnow in various fruits markets and citrus growing regions of Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(6), 2078-2083.
Moosa A, Sahi ST, Khan SA, Malik AU. 2019. Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid can suppress green and blue moulds of citrus fruit and induce the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. Folia Horticulturae 31(1), 195-204. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2019-0014
Plaza P, Sanbruno A, Usall J, Lamarca N, Torres R, Pons J. 2004. Integration of curing treatments with decreeing to control the main postharvest diseases of Calementine mandarins. Postharvest Biology and Technology 34, 29-37.
Plaza P, Usall J, Teixide N, Vinas I. 2003. Effect of water activity and temperature on germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and Geotrichum candidum. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 549-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01909.x
Prabhakar K, Raguchander T, Parthiban VK, Muthulakshmi P, Prakasam V. 2004. Post-harvest fungal spoilage in mandarin at different levels of Market. Madras Agricultural Journal 91(7), 470-474.
Parashar S, Sharma H, Garg M. 2014. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of fruits and vegetable peels: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 3(1), 160-164.
Reddy VB, Madhavi GB, Reddy VC, Reddy KG, Reddy MC. 2008. Post-harvest fungal spoilage in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and acid lime (Citrus aurentifolia Swingla) at different stages of marketing. Agricultural Science Digest 28(4), 265-267.
Saito S, Xiao CL. 2017. Prevalence of postharvest diseases of mandarin fruit in California. Plant health progress 18(4), 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-08-17-0048-RS
Sharma RN, Maharshi RP, Gaur RB, Bhati DS. 2010. Postharvest mycobial rots of kinnow fruits (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) incidence and economical perspectives. Journal of Global Communication 3(2), 46-50.
Shi Z, Wang F, Lu Y, Deng J. 2018. Combination of chitosan and salicylic acid to control postharvest green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum in grapefruit fruit. Scientia Horticulturae 233, 54-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.039
Singh D, Thakur AK. 2003. Effect of pre-harvest sprays of fungicides and calcium nitrate on post-harvest rot of kinnow in low temperature storage. Plant Disease Research-Ludhiana 18(1), 9-11.
Verma VS. 2008. Seasonal occurrence and chemical management of postharvest fungal rot pathogens of mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Indian Phytopathology 61(3), 317-322.
Awais Ahmed Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Atiq, 2021. Prevalence of green mold disease of citrus in Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Biosci., 18(5), 62-68.
Copyright © 2021 by the Authors. This article is an open access article and distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.